The Mercy by Paul Levine Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The irony of the ship s name is not lost on us as Levine proceeds to tell us about the trials that were suffered by those traveling on this particular ship. His nine-year-old mother was presumably traveling alone as She prayed in Russian and Yiddish / to find her family in New York (14), but she was to find no mercy here as her prayers went unheard or misunderstood or perhaps ignored / by all the powers that swept the waves of darkness (15-16). She is surrounded by people who do not even speak her language and is left to languish on the ship for 31 days in quarantine while smallpox rages through the passengers until the dead were buried at sea (19). There was to be no mercy for those onboard who might fall victim to the disease, as long as it was not permitted to enter the city itself. Switching focus for a moment, Levine tells his readers that Italian miners from Piemonte dig / under towns in western Pennsylvania / only to rediscover the same nightmare / they left at home (3 0-33), indicating that even though all these people came to this country seeking new fortunes, most met with the same fate or worse that they had envisioned leaving behind in the old world. Like the orange that was offered to her as a special treat by a sailor, his mother, and many more just like her has learned that mercy, while sweet and lovely when it comes, is infrequently provided to such as her. The concept that this was both a one-time voyage and a constant event that is established in this unique blending of points of view is continued in the figurative language that connects these thoughts together and establishes the singular case of thousands of young people who traveled to America seeking a better life. The first hint of this use of language appears in Levine s image of a young girl and a seaman, carefully repeating the word orange over and over again during the long voyage. Here we see not only the careful attention provided this girl by the sailor but also the sin gular experience of this attention that it would stand out so clearly against the rest of the lonely voyage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mercy by Paul Levine or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

Teaching Reflection - 1795 Words

The TV monitor can be an opening to adventures that students may never have the chance to explore. When I use cable television and video clips in my classroom my students get excited about what we are going to study. If a student is a visual-spatial learner the television or videos could be an excellent tool to use in order to meet their learning style. Alexander Golon explains â€Å"Visual-spatial learners are students who show advanced abilities with computers, maps, construction toys, and puzzles† (Golon). Throughout my paper I will explain how cable television and video clips can be useful tool because they appeal to different learning styles in the classroom and meet South Carolina’s state standards when used appropriately. Let’s face†¦show more content†¦The guidelines express the importance of TV/media in the classroom. The following two guidelines that follow were created by, media education consultant, Frank Baker: Guiding Principle 8 An effective English language arts curriculum provides for literacy in all forms of media to prepare students to live in an information-rich society. The skills of critical inquiry—the ability to question and analyze a message, whether it be textual, visual, auditory, or a combination of these—are a crucial element in literacy instruction. The production of visual media is also a crucial element enabling students to acquire and demonstrate an understanding of advertising, aesthetic techniques, audience, bias, propaganda and intellectual purpose. Integrating into the ELA curriculum the vocabulary and skills associated with media presentations helps students develop lifelong habits of critical thinking. Guiding Principle 9 An effective English language arts curriculum emphasizes informational text that is relevant to our increasingly complex and technological world. Today’s students are confronted with unprecedented amounts of information in a wide variety of print and nonprint forms. The ability to locate and use information effectively is an essential skill in the modern world. In many instances, information comes in unfiltered formats. Consumers ofShow MoreRelatedReflection On A Teaching Strategy882 Words   |  4 PagesReflection is not a teaching strategy that is usually associated with a mathematics classroom. I have taught mathematics to 8th grade students for the last six years; in my time as a teacher I have found that most of my students are not able to reflect and make the connections that their grade in my class is linked to their actions in class. Similar to most teachers, at the end of a semester I have several students that want extra credit to improve their grade last minute. These are the same studentsRead MoreTeaching Methods Reflection1216 Words   |  5 Pageschange in my beliefs about teaching; I came to understan d that there are many different theories and methods that can be tailored to suit the teacher and the needs of the student. The readings, especially those from Lyons, G., Ford, M., Arthur-Kelly, M. (2011), Groundwater-Smith, S., Ewing, R., Le Cornu, R. (2007), and Whitton, D., Barker, K., Nosworthy, M., Sinclair, C., Nanlohy, P. (2010), have helped me to understand this in particular. In composing my essay about teaching methods and other themesRead MoreReflection On Effective Teaching1498 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In this analysis, my objective is to reflect on effective teaching and learning strategies and methods, using my personal experience in the classroom, as well as wider reading/research and university lectures, including my contextual analysis on my placement school (see appendix one). However, since there are so many dynamics to effective teaching and learning, one cannot put a finger on a single aspect and use that as a solution. With this in mind, I have chosen to look at two fociRead MoreReflection Paper On Reflective Teaching758 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper: Reflective Teaching It’s not easy for every person in the teaching filed to be a good and professional teacher without working hard on adjusting and being able to change and use different methods in teaching that they have not used. As a person who wants to be a great teacher in the future, I find that using different methods of teaching and being able to reflect on my teaching by trying new ways of teaching and getting feedback from my colleagues and my students are essential pointsRead MoreReflection Of A Reflection On Teaching2112 Words   |  9 PagesReflection for Co- Teaching This semester was my first time working with 3rd graders at an IB school. This type of school is structured much differently than all the other elementary schools in Jefferson County. The curriculum at this school is a concept driven curriculum that helps students construct meaning through improved critical thinking skills. This means that the lessons taught are inquiry based. Inquiry based instruction is centered on posing questions and establishing facts through explorationRead MoreReflection On Reflective Teaching1502 Words   |  7 PagesTo truly reflect on one’s own teaching, to collect information on what you do in the classroom and to think about why you do it, is not always an easy task or something that comes natural to all people. The process involves self-observation and self-evaluation, which at times can be very difficult to do and can be difficult to do correctly. However, if a teacher will take the time to continually practice reflective teaching, the teacher will be able to identify underlying beliefs, which can thenRead MoreReflection Paper On Reflections Of Teaching3285 Words   |  14 PagesAssignment Two Reflections of Teaching I was given a year 10 BTEC ITC class to teach. This class has a mixture of abilities and behaviour. Talking to the students over the term the students that could be said to be â€Å"disruptive† would happily tell me that they â€Å"did not want to pick this option† and felt they had no choice but pick the subject. This gave an interesting challenge of trying to engage these students with the subject and improve behaviour and the environment of the class in general. Read MoreStudent Teaching Reflection796 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Teaching Reflection My student teaching provided me with was an experience that will best benefit me into my future teaching career.   I had the opportunity to teach in a 1stgrade classroom.   The class started out with 17 students, 5 girls and 12 boys, but one student moved away and the class size dropped to 16 students, leaving the class with 4 girls and 12 boys.   My cooperating teacher and the students accepted me into their classroom and were excited to have another teacher in the roomRead MoreA Reflection On Teaching Philosophy961 Words   |  4 PagesA teaching philosophy statement is a document that educators prepare to express their personal ideas regarding the teaching role. Often used as part of the application packet for an academic position and in teaching portfolios for tenure and promotion reviews, teaching philosophy statements allow educators to reflect on their teaching practices and validate their success in teaching. Teaching philosophies can guide academic nurse educators by ensuring that they are using varied pedagogies that stimulateRead MoreA Reflection On Teaching And Learning962 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many activities that occur in education. Teaching and learning are showcased as being the two most important by Hoy and Hoy. These activities require an impressive skill set to execute successfully in the classroom arena. The purpose of everything that transpires in the name of education is for the sole purpose of student learning. I agree with their assertion that student differences impact the amount and rate at which students learn. Students have great differences in race, gender

Investigating the 2012 Olympics Stadium and the Wembley Stadium Free Essays

string(175) " Agency is also responsible for skills and employment programmes, plan to boost common games participation as well as proposing London as a place to do big or small business\." 1.Introduction Project management has changed to plan, manage as well as organize the complex and different performances of modern industrial, business and organization change and IT projects. Every projects share a common feature which is the projection of ideas and performance into new activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the 2012 Olympics Stadium and the Wembley Stadium or any similar topic only for you Order Now The pervasive factor of risk and uncertainty means that the actions and tasks leading to completing the project can certainly not be predicted with total accuracy. Cases of projects that have gone beyond their expenses by massive sum of money, not on time or being neglected before completion, such failures are common and seen in all kinds of projects in manufacturing, business and the public sector. The purpose of project management is to predict various risk and trouble as possible and to plan, manage and organize activities so that projects are completed successfully in spite of all the risks. The main aim of a project manager is for the product of the project to suit what the client as well as all the other major stakeholders requested for, within the promised timescale and without asking for additional money or resources than what was initially budgeted. The Olympic Stadium will host the Athletics and Paralympics Athletics events at the London 2012 Games, as well as the Opening and Closing Ceremonies. The Olympic Stadium is a professional stadium intended to be as sustainable as possible while catering for an Olympic event. The Olympic Stadium design was promoted as an example of sustainable progress; however a number of architecture reviewer have queried both its aesthetic value and suitability as a national icon especially when compared to Beijing National Stadium. Wembley stadium is a 90,000-capacity venue is the second largest stadium in Europe, and serves as England’s national stadium. It is the home venue of the England national football team, and hosts the latter stages of the top level domestic club cup competition, the FA Cup. 2. Olympic Stadium Overview The games Every four years, a new Host City begins its preparations for the Summer Olympic Games and Paralympics Games. The timing and the preparation are usually conducted under intense analysis, with the motive to meet the deadline for the completion of the project prior to the delivery of the project. The London’s 2012 Olympics games bid was based on the fact that it will make a massive change in London as well as the United Kingdom through the Olympic Games and Paralympics’ Games. The location of the 2012 Games will be the Olympic Park in east London, which is known for its diverse communities in the United Kingdom, and at the western edge of the Thames Gateway the biggest regeneration project in Europe. 2.1 The organisations There are two major organisations that there main focus is to make sure the delivering of the London 2012 Games is remarkable, they are namely: 2.1.1 The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG): this organisation is responsible for plannin g and staging the Olympics Games. LOCOG is a private company limited by guarantee, and makes approximately all its financial support from the sale of tickets and products, sponsorship and broadcasting revenues which could be a total of ?2 billion. The London 2012 brands the support the games needs to be very confined to ensure that the funds can be raised and use for the intended purpose. 2.1.2 The Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA): this organisation is responsible for building the new venues and infrastructure for the Games, and make sure that they have a practical legacy use. The ODA is also responsible for converting the Olympics park for long-term use after the games is over. The ODA, which is also the planning authority for the Olympic Park site in east London, is a public body supported through council tax, National Lottery and regeneration funding. The ODA’s work is underpinned by six main concern themes which are: design and accessibility, employment and skills, equality and inclusion, health, safety and security, sustainability, and legacy. LOCOG and the ODA are supported by the different London 2012 stakeholders, who are also responsible for ensuring that United Kingdom athlete, London, and the United Kingdom as a whole gain as much as possible from the 2012 Games. 2.2 The London 2012 stakeholders 2.2.1 The British Olympic Association (BOA) The BOA chooses leads and prepares Team GB at every summer, winter and Youth Olympic Games. The BOA is not supported financially or controlled by government as it is completely dependent upon commercial sponsorship and fundraising income to provide the support for Team GB. The BOA is also responsible for promoting the Olympic spirit and ideas through the charitable arm which is known as the British Olympic Foundation. 2.2.2 The Department for Culture, Media Sport (DCMS) The Department for Culture, Media Sport (DCMS) is responsible for the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006, the generally finances of the Games, and sponsorship of the Olympic Delivery Authority. The Department for Culture, Media Sport (DCMS) is also responsible for putting together the legacy benefits taken by all the business enterprise, cultural, environmental, educational and wider sporting proposal that will place all over the country as a result of the game before, during and after the London 2012. 2.2.3 The Mayor of London Boris Johnson, the mayor of London, works with the Greater London Authority (GLA) Group ensuring that all Londoners get the most possible benefit from the 2012 Games. He is also responsible for ensuring. The Mayor of London is also a member of the Chairpersons of the Olympic Board, which manages the 2012 project. The mayor of London is also directing some few departments that works together to ensure that the London 2012 is a success and they are namely: 2.2.3.1 The London Development Agency The Mayor’s London Development Agency (LDA) is responsible for the physical, social and economic legacy of the Olympic Park area. The Mayor’s London Development Agency is also responsible for skills and employment programmes, plan to boost common games participation as well as proposing London as a place to do big or small business. You read "Investigating the 2012 Olympics Stadium and the Wembley Stadium" in category "Essay examples" The Mayor’s London Development Agency is working in partnership with local authorities, London 2012, local communities, public sector bodies and other organisations in the planning and delivery of new communities and the restoration that they can support. 2.2.3.2 Transport for London The Transport for London is also under the Mayor of London’s direction, it is spending billions of pounds to bring a transport legacy for east London before 2012, to ensure that the east London area have a constant increase in transport investmen 2.2.3.3 The Olympic Park Regeneration Steering Group (OPRSG) The Olympic Park Regeneration Steering Group (OPRSG) offers direction of the Olympic legacy agenda for east and south east London. Its main concern is to ensure the development and delivery of the Legacy Master plan Framework. The purpose of the framework is set out a clear vision for the upcoming progress of the Olympic Park and its immediate environment, which will commences as soon as the games are over. 2.2.4 The Olympic Board The Olympic Board offers oversight, strategic coordination and monitoring of the entire 2012 Games project, making sure that the delivery of the pledge made to the IOC when the games was being awarded to London as well as a lasting legacy from the staging of the games. 2.2.5 Olympic Park Legacy Company The Olympic Park Legacy Company is responsible for the long-term planning, development, management and maintenance of the Olympic Park and its facilities after the London 2012 Games. The Olympic Park Legacy Company plans to develop the park to a new and successful park of the London city. 2.2.6 The British Paralympic Association (BPA) The British Paralympic Association (BPA) is responsible for sending off the best and finest prepared team to represent Great Britain at the winter and Summer Paralympic Games. At the Beijing Paralympic Games Paralympics GB had their most successful Games ever, winning 42 gold medals and finishing second on the medal table. The British Paralympic Association is also responsible for promoting the Paralympic Movement in the UK. 2.2.7: The five Host Boroughs The five Host Boroughs which are namely Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest are also key partners in supporting and delivering the Games in east London. Apart from the core area of the Games there are many other local authorities, both in London and elsewhere in the United Kingdom that will play host to Games venues, training camps and cultural activities. 3 The London 2012 Sustainability Plan London 2012 and the London 2012 stakeholders share a commitment to maximise sustainability, and the beneficial impact of the 2012 Games, across all these phases of the 2012 programme. The opening of the Olympic Games in London on 27 July 2012 is drawing close, and many plans and ideas are still in development. Sustainability, particularly, is a fast developing discipline, with new methods and technologies constantly being created to lessen ecological impacts and make best use of the social and economic benefits. The London 2012 Sustainability Plan covers the three main phases of the Games programme: Training: 2012 Games training concentrates on the proposal and building of the Olympic Park along with other permanent site and infrastructure. Event production: the lack of dependable data from other events makes it complicated to categorize targets and set new targets. Building a lasting and sustainable legacy: The 2012 Games have to secure a motivated and long-term physical and social legacy for the Olympic Park area and around the UK. The amenities and the Olympic Park itself will be the platform for a detailed, in progress and environmentally responsible regeneration programme. 4. The Olympic Stadium Analysis The Olympic Stadium design was endorsed as example of sustainable development, although a number of architecture reviewers have questioned both its aesthetic value and suitability as a national icon especially when compared to Beijing National Stadium. The Olympic stadium design was launched on 7 November 2007. The architect, Populous, is an architectural company which focus on the design of sports facilities and conference centre, as well as planning of major special events. The Sydney’s Olympic bid used the Olympics to change its focus and brought about change, The Sydney’s Olympic also used the Olympics as a means of placing environmental permit to the public so as to think about sport and the change about to be implemented through delivering metropolitan regeneration. For many cities and countries, sport is now a means for making inward investment as well as reinforcing Brownfield sites; the strategy was used in Manchester and Melbourne (Commonwealth Games of 2002 and 2006 respectively), in Germany (2006 World Cup) and is currently being used by Glasgow in its bid for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. London won its bid on the back of three factors each of which factored in the concept of legacy; 1) London is known as one of the world’s most culturally and ethnically diverse populations 2) London is concerned about restoring one of the unprivileged areas of the city, which is in progress, by providing a legacy of amenities for local people 3) The benefactors of the Olympics are said to children, with the idea that different nations could link through sport. This point is said to be cause that made London’s bid stand out of the rest of the nation bids. The costs of hosting the Olympics are considerable, and have huge impacts upon people, space and financial commitment. London’s bid – unlike that of Paris – was focused upon a complete re-brand and re-construction of a brownfield site along the Lea Valley in east London. A range of new facilities is to be built in the area, together with the use of existing stadia for football. There is little doubt that the media will focus upon the impacts of the Olympics in terms of their costs. The same focus occurred in Sydney in the 5-6 years leading up to 2000, particularly in respect of costs arising from the remediation of polluted sites. Economic Impacts The government announced in January 2009 that more than 30,000 new jobs will be created between 2009 and 2012. Recent news coverage suggests the construction workforce for the Olympic site is expected to increase to around 6,000 by the end of 2009, despite the economic downturn which is affecting many other parts of the construction industry. As with Sydney, projected costs have proved to be gross underestimates. It is fair to ask whether the figures can now balance. The UK Government estimated in mid-2007 that costs would reach ?10 billion, over four times the original estimate, but that these would be exceeded by the scale of benefits. It is worth noting here that – Wembley Stadium apart – virtually every sports regeneration and construction project in the UK in recent years (e.g. Arsenal Emirates Stadium, Manchester Commonwealth Games) has been completed on time and to budget. The likely outcome is, therefore, that budgets will have been revised, but will be delivered, and that the deadlines are likely to be met with room to spare. Environmental Impacts Sydney branded itself as the world’s first ‘Green Olympics’. The plans for London have developed this concept further, with a focus upon environmental improvement, in some cases designed by the same design personnel responsible for Sydney. The central focus is Olympic Park, the first major park in London for over a century. The total economic impact is the sum of direct, indirect, and induced impacts resulting from the Games. The direct impact can be attributed to purchases of Games organisers in the preparation and execution of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Indirect impacts are felt in the goods and service industries that supply the industries that receive expenditures by Games organisers. Induced impacts are generated from the spending by people employed indirectly or directly by Games expenditures On a note of caution, none of the previous Olympics, not even Sydney, have significantly increased sports participation to a level or duration where this might conceivably lead to health benefits. It will need a high risk carefully thought through approach to succeed. Managing Change On a project of this scale and profile the team have had to be extremely flexible and adaptable to change. Requirements from the Olympic Delivery Authority side have remained consistent but as the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) began to ramp up their work, they made some changes to the project scope. As an example of this, it was agreed that the technology needed for the opening ceremony would be installed as part of the construction of the stadium rather than at the end. This additional work was not part of the original project scope, and so led to some delays while the works were catered for. However, the integrated approach of the team to challenges such as these has meant that the team were confident that these changes could be absorbed without affecting the overall programme. There are many forums established to facilitate learning between projects across the park. Park wide health and safety forums are held regularly and cross park meetings are regularly held at every level from CLM project manager, to director, to environmental manager meetings. A team from the project visited the Beijing Olympics so that any lessons from that project could be taken forward. In addition, the International Olympic Committee provided top tips from previous Olympic games Constraints and challenges There are limits on what can be achieved by London 2012. They do not lessen our ambition, but they need to be presented openly:– Some plans, for example for the treatment of waste during and after the 2012 Games, will depend on the provision of facilities and technologies that are not yet in place. Where this is the case, we can only signal our intention, and set out the developments that we will depend on to make this intention a reality.– The 2012 Games can act as a catalyst for new building technologies and new approaches to staging events, but the approaches used must be robust enough to cope with the largest event in the world and to take account of immovable deadlines, the priorities of sport and security, and contractual obligations to sponsors and rights holders.– The work being done to integrate sustainability into event planning and management is ground breaking. Although many other major events, including previous Games, have carried out ‘greenin g’ initiatives, there is very little reliable quantitative information on which to base strategies and targets. – Budgets must be respected: value for money does not mean lowering ambitions to achieve the lowest costs, but economic viability (and the added value that can be achieved through sustainable procurement) must be seen as an integral part of overall sustainability.– London 2012 can commit to the standards it will meet, but in other areas we can only influence, using the huge inspirational power of the Games to encourage others to change their behaviour, for example by encouraging international spectators to minimise the carbon impact of their travel to the UK. For specific cases, like a number of transport infrastructure projects, London 2012 is a part-funder but does not have complete control. 3. Wembley Overview Wembley was designed by architects HOK Sport and Foster and Partners with engineers Mott MacDonald, built by Multiplex and funded by Sport England, WNSL (Wembley National Stadium Limited), the Football Association, the Department for Culture Media and Sport and the London Development Agency. It is the most expensive stadium ever built at a cost of ?798 million and has the largest roof-covered seating capacity in the world. The all seater stadium is based around a bowl design with a capacity of 90,000, protected from the elements by a sliding roof that does not completely enclose it. It can also be adapted as an athletic stadium by erecting a temporary platform over the lowest tier of seating. The stadium’s signature feature is a circular section lattice arch of 7 m (23 ft) internal diameter with a 315 m (1,033 ft) span, erected some 22 ° off true, and rising to 140 m (459 ft) tall. It supports all the weight of the north roof and 60% of the weight of the retractable roof on the southern side. The archway is the world’s longest unsupported roof structure. The initial plan for the reconstruction of Wembley was for demolition to begin before Christmas 2000, and for the new stadium to be completed sometime during 2003, but this work was delayed by a succession of financial and legal difficulties. It was scheduled to open on 13 May 2006, with the first game being that year’s FA Cup Final. However, worries were expressed as to whether the stadium would actually be completed on time. The new stadium was completed and handed over to the FA on 9 March 2007, with the total cost of the project (including local transport infrastructure redevelopment and the cost of financing) estimated to be ?1 billion. The delays started from the very start. The procurement process to contractor followed a twin track approach. Multiplex, who ultimately won the contract, were given preferential treatment from the start. The official Wembley Stadium website announced that the stadium would be open for public viewing for local residents of Brent on 3 March 2007, however the event was delayed by two weeks and instead happened on 17 March. The keys to the new Wembley stadium were finally handed over to the owners on 9 March 2007 ready to be open and used for upcoming FA Cup football matches, concerts and other events. 2.1 stakeholders The Football Association The FA was founded in 1863 as the governing body for football in England. The FA is responsible for all regulatory aspects of the game of football in England and is responsible for promoting the development of the game at every level. The FA runs the England Teams, The FA Cup, The FA Community Shield, Women’s Football, The FA Youth Cup and a range of other competitions. Every year the stadium hosts all home, senior England International games, The FA Cup final and semi-finals, The FA Community Shield and The FA Vase and Trophy Finals. Wembley National Stadium Limited, the company that operates Wembley Stadium, is a fully owned subsidiary of The FA. Department of Culture, Media and Sport The sponsoring department for Sport England. The department is led by the Secretary of State, Rt Hon Tessa Jowell MP, who sits in the Cabinet. The Department is providing ?20million of funding towards the stadium project. This contribution will pay for non-stadium infrastructure improvements to the Wembley area. Sport England A Government agency, formerly The Sports Council. It leads the development of sport in England by influencing and serving the public, private and voluntary sectors. It is responsible for the administration of the sports section of the National Lottery in England. A ?120million Lottery Grant funded the purchase of the old Wembley Stadium. The London Development Agency The London Development Agency is the capitals economic development body, promoting economic renewal and development. It’s one of nine Regional Development Agencies. Working for the Mayor – and in partnership with businesses and other organisations – it benefits all Londoners by delivering economic development and regeneration for the capital. The LDA has contributed ?21million to the project Controversy and events during construction When the project first started, it was delayed for two years due to financial and political difficulties before eventually getting underway in late 2002. The stadium was supposed to be completed by May 2006 for the FA Cup Final, but this was transferred to Cardiff following consultation with Multiplex about when the stadium would be finished. Multiplex was unable to complete the stadium within the scheduled time and had to pay penalties. In December 2008, Multiplex sued the stadium designer Mott MacDonald for ?253m saying that it was denied access to key design information that led to increased steelwork costs. A few construction problems were highlighted during the project. The first was a problem between Multiplex and the steel contractor Cleveland Bridge. Cleveland Bridge walked off the job in 2004 shortly before the arch was raised because they did not believe they would be paid for materials and there were irrevocable difficulties between the two parties. The problems resulted in two high-profile court cases where the two companies sued each other for breach of contract (Multiplex sued for ?45m and Cleveland Bridge sued for ?22.5m to recover what it believed it was owed). In September 2008, Multiplex won the case and received ?6m from Cleveland. The second problem involved a temporary roof support rafter, which fell by over half a metre in March 2006. This resulted in the evacuation of 3,000 construction workers and delayed worked while inspections and reports were carried out. The project began again shortly afterwards. Later, in March 2006, a third problem came to light. The sewers under the stadium had buckled due to ground movement. Remedial work started later on. The stadium was scheduled to be completed by late summer 2006; however, it was completed in March 2007 moving the scheduled sport events to other stadium. Analysis It is easy to see the impact of failed project management in works such as Wembley stadium. It damaged the reputation which hampers the ability to gain further work. Customers were very dissatisfied as they were hoping that it`s construction will be completed on time. Cost was so over ruined that lead to huge loss of profit. This project damaged the relationship with sub-contractors and other business partners, financial penalties were paid to the workforce and there was a huge amount of low morale amongst the workforce. First we look at the Time, cost and The Legal battle over the Wembley stadium issue. The first major problem concerning Wembley stadium was the time and cost issue. Wembley stadium was almost delayed for eight long years. Plans for a new national stadium have been dogged by delays, management problems and spiralling costs since Wembley was chosen in December 1996. The designs were unveiled in 1999. This was due to several problems .when the project first started it was delayed for two yrs due to financial and political difficulties but got underway in 2002.This guide to Multiplex paying penalties for the late finishing of the contract although they have threatened to sue WNSL over changes in the design which they suggest the main reason responsible for the project being late. The first problem was between multiplex and the steel contractor Cleveland Bridge, Bridge walled away from the job in 2004 because they believe that they were not going to be paid for materials and there were irrevocable difficulties between two parties. On the other hand the temporary roof support which fell by over half a metre in march 2006 which resulted in the evacuation of 3000 construction workers and delayed work while inspections and reports were carried out .Later in march 2006 the problem of light came in context .The sewers under the stadium had buckled due to ground movement ,Remedial work was put into action for this and is currently nearing completion.It is also been claimed by multiplex that wrong type of concrete was used in the foundation The financial pressures on Wembley could increase if the Olympic Stadium in Stratford is retained as an 80,000-capacity stadium following the games. If the Olympic Stadium were to be retained as an 80,000-capacity venue, an idea that is again gaining ground, it could harm the future viability of both. Wembley made a loss of ?23m in 2008 once depreciation, interest payments and tax were taken into account. Despite refinancing its loans, the operating company faces several years of onerous interest payments on the ?757m stadium. The continuing strain that Wembley places on the FA’s accounts has become more significant in the wake of the collapse of Setanta’s ?150m broadcasting deal. The FA is hoping to conclude a replacement deal with the BBC for the remaining FA Cup rights but is likely to have to accept a significant drop in income. Construction challenges The construction presented a number of challenges. No stadium has ever been built this way, so architects and engineers had to use complex computer models to predict how the structure would behave if built in certain ways. Given the special history of the previous Wembley Stadium, the designers had to pay particular attention to the atmosphere of the stadium, including the way it will sound with a full crowd cheering. Again, computers were used to simulate the acoustics of the new stadium before the design was agreed upon. http://plagiarism.pro/ http://www.crossrefme.net/scripts/report7.php http://searchenginereports.net/articlecheck.aspx http://www.duplichecker.com/search.asp http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/ Reference ^ â€Å"Work begins on 2012 Olympic field†. BBC News. 2010-05-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8699319.stm. ^ â€Å"News: New era of stadium design begins with Olympic Stadium – London 2012†. http://www.london2012.com/news/media-releases/2007-11/new-era-of-stadium-design-begins-with-olympic-stadium.php. Retrieved 2008-08-05. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/nov/17/wembley-stadium-2012-olympic-games How to cite Investigating the 2012 Olympics Stadium and the Wembley Stadium, Essay examples

Lives on the Boundary Essay Example For Students

Lives on the Boundary Essay The GiverJonas, an eleven year old boy , was very intellegent and outstanding. In fact he surpassed the other kids intelligence. He grew up with her sister Lily and a special visitor named Gabriel very well educated by his parents . He was almost a perfect son, he was friendly and good hearted. In fact he fell in love with a girl named Fiona.. He learned very quickly all about his community, a community where all the people lived happy and peaceful lives. Jonas life was perfect, even the community were he was living seemed to be perfect. But one day when he became twelve, according to the community rules, it was time to receive his lifes assignment just like all the other kids that became twelve. Jonas was given a special assignment. To his astonishment he was given the most respected job of all. The assignment designated for Jonas was called The Receiver. Jonas, being the Receiver, was obligated to receive all the memories from the actual Giver and past Givers whether they were nice or horrible. He learned many things about the past that no one else knew. At first Jonas was living peacefully in his community. He used to do all the things that a eleven year old kid does, like play, ride bicycles and go to school every day. There was no pain or fear or things to worry about. Jonas had many friends, some of his best friends were Asher and Fiona. They used to work voluntarily, helping and taking care of the old people. The elderly were lovingly cared for as were the newest members of that place. In that community every single person was given a certain job for which he or she was suited emotionally, physically and mentally at a certain age, in annual Ceremonies. Every family in this community had a mother, father, and two children, one of each sex. Jonas had two parents, a mother who was happily employed at the Department of Justice, and a father who was happily employed as a Nurturer. There was much laughter and obvious joy. There was no rudeness, no crime and no disease. When people did get hurt they took a pill and the pain went right away. No one ever broke bones or anything. There were no criminals, and there were no locks on any homes or buildings. The only bad thing about The Givers community was Release. The community was controlled by a committe of older citizens from the community called the committe of elders. The committe told the community what to do and when to do it, using speakers that were installed all around the community. There was also one speaker in each house of the community, the society was ideal. When Jonas turned twelve the committe of elders told him at the time of receiving the assignment that he was selected to be trained to become the Receiver of Memory. The Receivers job was to listen to their proposals and just tell them whether or not they should do it based on the lessons of history. The present Givers job was to be giving the memories, all of them to Jonas. He did so through all of the senses. Jonas learns of war and hate, of snow and trees and colors all of which were not present in this society. He also learned of the horror all around him. However, they didnt want to make decisions or changes which, in the past, had led to disaster so they have assigned one person to keep all the memories of history, their own and that of all societies. As a Receiver Jonas was to able to do many things that citizens of the community were not allowed to do. Also, as a Receiver, Jonas learned amazing things some of them were horrible and painful for him, one of them was Release. Wh en a person broke a major rule, was too old, or wasnt right as a baby they got released. Release was killing. .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b , .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .postImageUrl , .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b , .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:hover , .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:visited , .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:active { border:0!important; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:active , .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9e1fcb5a6a1030019e4e7ce293a461b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Learning A Lesson the Hard Way EssayOne day Jonas saw his Father nurturing a baby. He saw his father turn and open a cupboard. He took out a syringe and a small bottle. Very carefully he inserted the needle into the bottle and began to fill the syringe with a clear liquid. To his surprise, his father began very carefully to direct the needle into the top of the newchilds forehead, puncturing the place where the fragile skin pulsed. The newborn squirmed and wailed faintly. Jonas instantly knew that his father had just killed that baby. Once again he saw the face of the light haired, bloodied soldier as life left his eyes. The memory came back. He killed it! My father killed it! Jonas said to himself, stunned at what he was realizing. After he saw these he inmediately remembered that his little brother Gabriel was going to be released. Jonas did not want his little brother to be released so he make a serious decision to leave the community and take his litle brother with him. He did not even plan it, everything happened so quick that he was barely able to take some food along. Besides the food that he had stolen he also stole his fathers bycicle, in order to carry Gabriel in the back seat. Once Jonas had crossed the river there was no turning back. He started pedaling faster and faster trying to reach the other community as soon as posible. Jonas pedaled the entire day and night. He was very tired until he realized that the sun had started to set and he decided to stop, rest and eat some of the stolen food. Days and days passed and Jonas was still clueless about the other community. He was hungry and G abriel was too but the problem was that they had no more food left. After this they just keep going until Jonas was unable to continue riding his bycicle in order to get to the other community and Jonas rested again. This time for a longer period of time. Then he continued again. Gabriel was sleeping, weak and hungry. Jonas continued riding the bycicle slowly, tired and hungry hoping to finally get to his destiny. Suddenly he heard some music and lights. Immediately Jonas began thinking that it was the other community celebrating and waiting for him. Whether there is a perfect community or not, killing is killing, no matter what the rules are to keep the perfectness. The Givers community seems very fantastic and mystycal, but I would not be able to live in one of those communities knowing that there is a rule to kill people. For example when someone from the community had twins or they were just sick, the committe would immediately sent them to released them or in other words to killed them. For me Jonas acted very bravely not caring about the consequences. In fact if I had the chance to live in one of those communities with the rule of Releasing I would do the same thing that Jonas did.

Man For All Seasons By Bolt Essays - Virtue, Anti-Protestantism

Man For All Seasons By Bolt A few of the many qualities of friendship include unconditional loyalty, honesty, trust, and respect. In the play A Man For All Seasons, by Robert Bolt, Sir Thomas More demonstrates all of these qualities that display friendship, and the basis of a good, honest man. Richard Rich, on the other hand, contributes very contrasting views and displays little to no qualities of friendship or loyalty at all. Sir Thomas More may be considered a true friend and good, honest man due the fact that he uses qualities of loyalty, honesty, trust, and generosity with whomever he is dealing with throughout his daily life. He clearly demonstrates his loyalty to both God and the King, Henry VIII, simultaneously without infrinding on boundries between them. The whole play shows More's loyalty to God, ultimately he died for his beliefs because they were not accepted. His loyalty to God is shown by his decision to remain Catholic and true(in his mind) to his God, though his King was creating a radical new Anglican religion. He disagreed with the King's decision to go against the Catholic church, but kept his opinions silent except towards his ruler out of respect and loyalty. His loyalty to the King is also evident when he uses his judgment and chooses not to open the letter he received from Chapuys, for fear that his devotion to the King would be brought into question, "...This is a letter from King Charles; I want you to see it's not been opened. I have declined it. You see the seal has not been broken?..."(Page 64) More's trust in the King is evident because he is confident that the King will not pressure him into making any judgment he is not comfortable with, "...Your conscience is your own affair; but you are my Chancellor! There, you have my word-I'll leave you out of it. But I don't take it kindly, Thomas, and I'll have no opposition!...Lie low if you will, but I'll brook no opposition- no words, no signs, no letters, no pamphlets - mind that, Thomas - no writings against me!"(Page 31). More is a generous man, for instance giving Rich the silver goblet. More knew if he kept it, it could be used to incriminate him in the court of law. He could have sold it, but instead gave it away, out of kindness and generosity. More's giving attitude was also demonstrated when he offers Rich the teaching position. Richard Rich is everything that More is not. He is mercenary and defines himself by position and possession rather than in his morals and values. Rich cares little for friendship and loyalty, and cares only for personal gain and profit. He is mercenary because everything he does involves some result that will promote him. He is always putting his needs and wants before the needs of others. More offered Rich an honorable and respectable job as a teacher, but Rich refused it because he believed it was meaningless and unimportand, and there was no chance at making substantial amounts of money with it. It would not improve his social status as much as he desired. Rich was using More to gain position, he feigns loyalty and friendship towards More for personal gain."...A friend of Sir Thomas and still no office?"(Page 3). Rich will not admit to being More's friend, even when More is on death row. He does not acknowledge or want to think that More helped him out at all, he turns his back on him and lets him dies, "He isn't really my friend..."(Page 21). He does not acknowledge or want to think that More helped him out at all. Rich defines himself solely on material items than the things that should be important to him, such as friendship, love, family, belief, and morals. He will do anything to give himself a name. He betrayed his friendship with More to prosecute him by lying on the stand. This gave him the popularity he desired, and knew if More went down, he could gain position, therefore his loyalty to More was never prevalent. By Rich prosecuting against More and lying on the stand, he was appointed the Attorney-General for Wales, More was astonished that anyone could lie and only be appointed the Attorny-General of Wales, "For Wales? Why, Richard, its profits a man nothing to give his soul for the whole world...But for Wales-!"(Page 95).

5 Ways to Combine Sentences

5 Ways to Combine Sentences 5 Ways to Combine Sentences 5 Ways to Combine Sentences By Mark Nichol Writers and editors should be alert to opportunities to improve the flow of content by combining consecutive truncated sentences that refer to a single topic. Here are five approaches to folding one one sentence into a preceding related statement. 1. A gray Cadillac hearse pulled into the ranch Saturday afternoon and left about 5 p.m. The hearse came from the Alpine Memorial Funeral Home. Often, as here, additional information about something introduced in one sentence is relegated to a subsequent sentence when it could easily be integrated as a modifying phrase into the first sentence: â€Å"A gray Cadillac hearse from the Alpine Memorial Funeral Home pulled into the ranch Saturday afternoon and left about 5 p.m.† 2. Bennett told a reporter, â€Å"I have a feeling of being used.† Bennett had helped instill stability in the burgeoning franchise and felt blindsided by the move. Here, additional information is inserted parenthetically: â€Å"Bennett, who had helped instill stability in the burgeoning franchise and felt blindsided by the move, told a reporter, ‘I have a feeling of being used.’† 3. An NFL hat trick has been done only seven times in the history of the league. To achieve this feat, a player must pass, run, and catch a touchdown in the same game. Here’s another example of two sentences that can be combined with a parenthetical insertion, with a more substantial revision of the second sentence’s beginning phrase to integrate smoothly into the main clause: â€Å"An NFL hat trick, in which a player passes, runs, and catches a touchdown in the same game, has been done only seven times in the history of the league.† 4. Atlanta’s quest to become a perennial power was stunted yet again in 1982, this time due to a 57-day-long players’ strike. The strike caused the regular season to be cut to just nine games. Another option is to tack the additional information onto the end of the sentence as a modifying phrase: â€Å"Atlanta’s quest to become a perennial power was stunted yet again in 1982, this time due to a 57-day-long players’ strike that caused the regular season to be cut to just nine games.† 5. It is this solid foundation that prepares the firm for a transformation into agile risk management. Agile risk management focuses on how risk management building blocks can be embedded and designed within business processes. In this sentence, as in the previous one, a term introduced at the end of a sentence is clumsily repeated immediately as the first part of the next sentence. To avoid awkward repetition, convert the second sentence into a subordinate clause of the first sentence by replacing the period after the first sentence with a comma and inserting which in place of the repeated word or phrase: â€Å"It is this solid foundation that prepares the firm for a transformation into agile risk management, which focuses on how risk management building blocks can be embedded and designed within business processes.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastDeck the Halls20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Visual Representations of Organization Theory Essay

Visual Representations of Organization Theory - Essay Example As quoted by Morgan, ‘communications theorist Marshall McLuhan noted that the last thing a fish is likely to discover is the water it is swimming in. The water is so fundamental to the fish’s way of life that it is not seen or questioned.’ (2006). Through this Morgan directs our attention to the concept of trap of favored ways of thinking. The fundamental role played by water to the fish analogues many mechanisms, ideologies, concepts upon which organizations are formed. Just the way, water is the world for a fish, and a fish cannot live out of water, so do organizations behave very often. Organizations tend to adopt certain culture, mechanisms, tools and practices which eventually become the fundamentals of the organization and its goals. These features reflect in the motivational aspects of the organization too which forces the employees to work in that direction ‘only,’ thus blocking creativity and other hidden business potential. In this course, o rganizations tend to adopt a kind of language, called as the organizational language which becomes the key factor of organizational growth as communication is vital for any organization’s success. Morgan relates this situation to the psychic-prison metaphor relating it to the trap of favored ways of thinking, and provides guidance to unleash hidden power and creativity. The trap of favored ways of thinking leads to closure of other avenues and opportunities, eventually leading to the situation of work becoming more of a norm or ritual and loss of innovation and creativity. In the process of favored ways of thinking, we tend to see only those things are familiar to us, and tend to ignore the rest. Though existence of creativity may not be the determining factor of any business, it can eventually turn so and, thus, lack of creativity has to be noticed. When the suppression of logic of what is significant is imposed by organizational control, this

The relationship between atherosclerosis and stress Essay

The relationship between atherosclerosis and stress - Essay Example This fatty build-up would later thicken and then harden or form calcium deposits in the arteries, consequently blocking the arteries. Because of the build-up, the hardened deposits may block the flow of blood along the arteries (Dugdale, 2009). In instances when the coronary artery becomes narrowed by plaque deposits, then blood flow to the heart itself can either slow down or be stopped. The patient can experience chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms when this happens (Dugdale, 2009). These fatty deposits may also break off (as embolus) and flow with the blood in the arteries and veins; they may eventually get lodged in the smaller blood vessels causing heart attacks or strokes (Dugdale, 2009). The causes for atherosclerosis have not been fully determined; however there are traits and conditions which have been considered as risk factors for this disease. It is a condition which slowly and gradually develops over time and may be worsened by factors which induce plaque formation or blood coagulation. These factors may include the following factors or causes: inflammation or infection, hypertension, smoking, and elevated LDL and VLDL (DeBruyne, 2003, p. 603). Other factors like high-fat diet, obesity, high-sodium diet, cigarette smoking, family history, and lack of exercise may also cause atherosclerosis (McConnell, 2007, p. 278). Stress is also being considered as a possible cause of atherosclerosis; however, no firm support has been set forth for this theory as yet. Nevertheless, Circulation, the journal of the American Heart Association cites a study which correlates the â€Å"degree of carotid arterial atherosclerosis with exaggerated response to mental stress in men under the age of 55† (as cited by Diagnose Me, 2009). Their study further established that strong blood pressure responses to stressful situations were seen in those with more advanced atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries as compared to

Govt research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Govt research paper - Essay Example (United Nations 2011) The World Tourism Organisation, or UNWTO, serves as a tool where tourism policy matters can be discussed and also helps in developing tourism proficiency among the participating nations. UNWTO plays a vital role in decision-making for the development of tourism that is accessible among nations. Priority is given to developing countries. This organisation has already achieved a significant milestone in line with its aspirations. In 2010, arrivals of tourists around the world have increased to 7% and international tourism has reached export earnings of â‚ ¬693 billion. Furthermore, the level of economic recovery has been high due to fast growth of arrivals. During the first quarter of 2011, arrivals of tourists worldwide went up to 5%. The impacts of global financial and economic crises to tourism during 2008 to 2009 have been addressed and resolved by UNWTO. UNWTO monitors about 150 countries which provide monthly and quarterly reports on international tourist arrivals to UNWTO. In the last quarter of 2011, positive results were shown by 122 countries while only 27 of them submitted negative results. (UNWTO 2011) UNWTO did not really fail in its undertakings, though it is but normal for it to undergo certain challenges and have some room for improvements. In 2007, tourism had been linked to climate change since both international and domestic arrivals and trips had been contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Likewise, the tourism industry back then was likely to suffer from the effects of climate change. Eventually, changes in climate trends might have threatened tourism in those countries where climate greatly affect tourism like in Northern Europe, the Caribbean, and the Mediterranean. The biggest challenge here was for UNWTO to balance its solutions to the setbacks in tourism while striving to reduce emissions of

Overview of Strawman Theory

Overview of Strawman Theory Strawman theory traces its origins to the ancient Roman legal practice of capitis deminutio (decrease of head), a term used in Roman trials for the extinguishment of a persons former legal capacity. Capitis deminutio minima meant a person ceased to belong to a particular family, without loss of liberty or citizenship. Capitis deminutio media involved loss of citizenship and family, but not liberty. Capitis deminutio maxima involved loss of family, citizenship and liberty (e.g. being made a slave or a prisoner of war).[4] The term was later revived in the US by the tax protestor and sovereign citizen movements and combined with a misreading of the definition of person from Blacks law dictionary (an American law dictionary). Strawman theory takes the term capitis deminutio, misspells it (commonly as Capitis Diminutio) and claims that capitis diminutio maxima was represented by an individuals name being written entirely in capital letters (even though Latin only had capitals back then). This led to the idea that individuals had a separate legal personality now called a strawman, represented in capitals. (rationalwiki, 2015) Strawman theory holds that an individual has two personas. One of them is a physical, tangible human being, and the other as their legal person, personality or strawman, often referred to as a legal fiction. (The term legal fiction is used by woos as if it were synonymous with intangible, rather than using its correct meaning.) The main use of strawman theory is in escaping and denying debts, liabilities and legal responsibility. Tax protestors, commercial redemption and get out of debt free scams claim that ones debts and taxes are the responsibility of the strawman and not of the real person, freeing the real person from the need to pay them. Sovereign citizens movements and freemen on the land also extend this concept to law and legal responsibilities by claiming that it is only their strawman that is required to adhere to statutory laws such as paying taxes, having licences and obeying traffic laws. They also claim that all legal proceedings in courts are taken against your strawman rather than you as a person and that when one appears in court they appear not as themselves but as representing their strawman. The justification for this is their false notion that governments cannot force anybody to do anything against their will. They therefore create a strawman which being their own creation they are free to boss about at will. Woos believe that by separating oneself from their strawman or refusing to be identified as their strawman they can escape their various liabilities and responsibilities such as paying their debts or obeying laws they dont like. This is typically done by denying they are a person and the same thing as their strawman or by writing their name in various bizarre ways such as the following: John of the family Smith John of Smith John:Smith John (commonly known as) By doing this they are refusing to represent the strawman. In addition to capitals, the use of titles such as Mr and Mrs are claimed to indicate a reference to a persons strawman. Surnames are also typically referred to as part of the legal fiction and advocates will often insist that they dont have a surname but rather a family name. Some woos believe that the strawman is created by the government when a birth certificate is filed. Woos sometimes then try and present their birth certificate when their strawmans name is called for, such as in court. [edit] Debunking It should be noted that there is a legal principle known as Idem sonans (Latin for sounding the same) which states that similar sounding names are just as valid in referring to a person. The relevant UK precedent is R v Davis 1851. If two names spelt differently necessarily sound alike, the court may, as matter of law, pronounce them to be idem sonantia; but if they do not necessarily sound alike, the question whether they are idem sonantia is a question of fact for the jury. The strawman belief seems to stem from a misunderstanding of the concept of legal person-hood. In actual legal theory there is a difference between what is known as a natural person (which is a human being, i.e., not a legal fiction) and that of a corporate person (a legal fiction known as corporate personhood, which applies to business, charities, governments and any recognised organisation). Courts recognise human beings as persons, not as a legal fiction joined to a flesh and blood human being but as one and the same (though in the past not everyone was recognised as a person before the law). They have never recognised a right to distance oneself from ones person, or the ability to opt out of personhood. Where this defence has been tried in court, judges have rejected it. It is impossible to dodge the law by insisting that you are different from your person. If a court can establish your identity, regardless of your consent or cooperation, then it is free to engage in proceedings and sanctions against you. The use of block capitals to fill in forms is often used as evidence for the existence of strawmen. The idea is that the form is asking for your strawmans identity. In reality this is done for ease of reading by humans and computers alike; it is not evidence of some legal conspiracy. (rationalwiki, 2015) rationalwiki. (2015). Retrieved from rationalwiki.org: http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Strawman_theory

Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Maxine Hong - Kingstons China Men :: comparison compare contrast essays

In Maxine Hong - Kingston's China Men a teacher meets students who perceive Romeo and Juliet very differently than is commonly accepted. These students see it as a horror story rather than a tragic love story. What they witness in their real lives (war, death, murder, etc.) affects how they view everything they encounter. Although these students may have a "colored" view, everything that they see in Romeo and Juliet is actually there. They have not imagined anything. They have gone beyond the commonly accepted reading of the play, and have found what lies underneath the surface of all the romance and poetry. However, because they have not examined the romance and poetry in addition to seeing what lies beyond the commonly accepted reading, the story is disturbing to them. The students read Romeo and Juliet and do not see the love story that society would have them see. Instead they examine what lies beyond this. They see a story of secrecy, sex, murder, suicide, and disease. All of these things are found within the play, but are masked by poetry and romance. For example, these students see Romeo and Juliet as a story of "whispering, tiptoeing, making love, and (children) driven mad in the dark." To the "normal" reader this is romantic. It is viewed as a story about the most amazing kind of love imaginable - true love ending in tragedy. What happens around them certainly must affect how the students understand everything. In these students' real lives they are surrounded by war, torture, and death. Horror is a part of their every day lives, and so it becomes a part of them. It manifests itself in their thoughts and ideas. It has even affected their reading of Romeo and Juliet despite their teacher's efforts to show them the other side of the story. Another reason that this play is so disturbing to the students is that the characters in the play are approximately the same age as the students. Because of this, anything that the characters do has a greater meaning to the students. The characters are their peers. Because of the student's everyday experiences they miss the poetry in the play. They have ignored the motive, the tremendous force that drives the characters Romeo and Juliet to do the things found within the play. This force is love. It is the main reason for all actions in the play. Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Maxine Hong - Kingston's China Men :: comparison compare contrast essays In Maxine Hong - Kingston's China Men a teacher meets students who perceive Romeo and Juliet very differently than is commonly accepted. These students see it as a horror story rather than a tragic love story. What they witness in their real lives (war, death, murder, etc.) affects how they view everything they encounter. Although these students may have a "colored" view, everything that they see in Romeo and Juliet is actually there. They have not imagined anything. They have gone beyond the commonly accepted reading of the play, and have found what lies underneath the surface of all the romance and poetry. However, because they have not examined the romance and poetry in addition to seeing what lies beyond the commonly accepted reading, the story is disturbing to them. The students read Romeo and Juliet and do not see the love story that society would have them see. Instead they examine what lies beyond this. They see a story of secrecy, sex, murder, suicide, and disease. All of these things are found within the play, but are masked by poetry and romance. For example, these students see Romeo and Juliet as a story of "whispering, tiptoeing, making love, and (children) driven mad in the dark." To the "normal" reader this is romantic. It is viewed as a story about the most amazing kind of love imaginable - true love ending in tragedy. What happens around them certainly must affect how the students understand everything. In these students' real lives they are surrounded by war, torture, and death. Horror is a part of their every day lives, and so it becomes a part of them. It manifests itself in their thoughts and ideas. It has even affected their reading of Romeo and Juliet despite their teacher's efforts to show them the other side of the story. Another reason that this play is so disturbing to the students is that the characters in the play are approximately the same age as the students. Because of this, anything that the characters do has a greater meaning to the students. The characters are their peers. Because of the student's everyday experiences they miss the poetry in the play. They have ignored the motive, the tremendous force that drives the characters Romeo and Juliet to do the things found within the play. This force is love. It is the main reason for all actions in the play.

Cellular System Components

Introduction to GSM Networks Figure 1. 1 is a schematic overview of the main components in a GSM network. The various interface labels are the formal names given to these interfaces. More details about these interfaces are found in GSM TS 03. 02 [26]. The GSM network consists mainly of the following functional parts: †¢ MSC – the mobile service switching centre (MSC) is the core switching entity in the network. The MSC is connected to the radio access network (RAN); the RAN is formed by the BSCs and BTSs within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).Users of the GSM network are registered with an MSC; all calls to and from the user are controlled by the MSC. A GSM network has one or more MSCs, geographically distributed. †¢ VLR – the visitor location register (VLR) contains subscriber data for subscribers registered in an MSC. Every MSC contains a VLR. Although MSC and VLR are individually addressable, they are always contained in one integrated node. †¢ G MSC – the gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switching entity that controls mobile terminating calls.When a call is established towards a GSM subscriber, a GMSC contacts the HLR of that subscriber, to obtain the address of the MSC where that subscriber is currently registered. That MSC address is used to route the call to that subscriber. †¢ HLR – the home location register (HLR) is the database that contains a subscription record for each subscriber of the network. A GSM subscriber is normally associated with one particular HLR. The HLR is responsible for the sending of subscription data to the VLR (during registration) or GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling). CN – the core network (CN) consists of, amongst other things, MSC(s), GMSC(s) and HLR(s). These entities are the main components for call handling and subscriber management. Other main entities in the CN are the equipment identi? cation register (EIR) and authentication centre (AUC). CAMEL has no in teraction with the EIR and AUC; hence EIR and AUC are not further discussed. †¢ BSS – the base station system (BSS) is composed of one or more base station controllers (BSC) and one or more base transceiver stations (BTS). The BTS contains one or more transceivers (TRX).The TRX is responsible for radio signal transmission and reception. BTS and BSC are connected through the Abis interface. The BSS is connected to the MSC through the A interface. †¢ MS – the mobile station (MS) is the GSM handset. The structure of the MS will be described in more detail in a next section. A GSM network is a public land mobile network (PLMN). Other types of PLMN are the time division multiple access (TDMA) network or code division multiple access (CDMA) network. GSM uses the following sub-division of the PLMN: CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network ? 006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Rogier Noldus 2 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network To HLR from other PLMN D HLR D C Core network To/from other network MSC ISUP E MSC A BSC Abis BTS Um Um A ISUP GMSC ISUP BSC Abis BTS Um Um Base station system Air interface MS MS MS MS Figure 1. 1 GSM network architecture †¢ Home PLMN (HPLMN) – the HPLMN is the GSM network that a GSM user is a subscriber of. That implies that GSM user’s subscription data resides in the HLR in that PLMN. The HLR may transfer the subscription data to a VLR (during registration in a PLMN) or a GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling).The HPLMN may also contain various service nodes, such as a short message service centre (SMSC), service control point (SCP), etc. †¢ Visited PLMN (VPLMN) – the VPLMN is the GSM network where a subscriber is currently registered. The subscriber may be registered in her HPLMN or in another PLMN. In the latter case, the subscriber is outbound roaming (from HPLMN’s perspective) and inbound roaming (from VPLMN’s perspective) . When the subscriber is currently registered in her HPLMN, then the HPLMN is at the same time VPLMN. 1 †¢ Interrogating PLMN (IPLMN) – the IPLMN is the PLMN containing the GMSC that handles mobile terminating (MT) calls.MT calls are always handled by a GMSC in the PLMN, regardless of the origin of the call. For most operators, MT call handling is done by a GMSC in the HPLMN; in that case, the HPLMN is at the same time IPLMN. This implies that calls destined for a GSM subscriber are always routed to the HPLMN of that GSM subscriber. Once the call has arrived in the HPLMN, the HPLMN acts as IPLMN. MT call handling will be described in more detail in subsequent sections. When basic optimal routing (BOR) is applied, the IPLMN is not the same PLMN as the HPLMN.The user of a GSM network is referred to as the served subscriber ; the MSC that is serving that subscriber is known as the serving MSC. Examples are: †¢ mobile originated call – the MSC that is handling th e call is the serving MSC for this call; the calling subscriber is the served subscriber; †¢ mobile terminated call – the GMSC that is handling the call is the serving GMSC for this call; the called subscriber is the served subscriber. 1 The CAMEL service requirement, GSM TS 02. 78 [12] uses this strict de? nition. The term VPLMN is, however, commonly used to denote any network other than the HPLMN.Introduction to GSM Networks 3 1. 1 Signalling in GSM The various entities in the GSM network are connected to one another through signalling networks. Signalling is used for example, for subscriber mobility, subscriber registration, call establishment, etc. The connections to the various entities are known as ‘reference points’. Examples include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A interface – the connection between MSC and BSC; Abis interface – the connection between BSC and BTS; D interface – the connection between MSC and HLR; Um interface à ¢â‚¬â€œ the radio connection between MS and BTS. Various signalling protocols are used over the reference points.Some of these protocols for GSM are the following: †¢ mobile application part (MAP) – MAP is used for call control, subscriber registration, short message service, etc. ; MAP is used over many of the GSM network interfaces; †¢ base station system application part (BSSAP) – BSSAP is used over the A interface; †¢ direct transfer application part (DTAP) – DTAP is used between MS and MSC; DTAP is carried over the Abis and the A interface. DTAP is speci? ed in GSM TS 04. 08 [49]; †¢ ISDN user part (ISUP) – ISUP is the protocol for establishing and releasing circuit switched calls.ISUP is also used in landline Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). A circuit is the data channel that is established between two users in the network. Within ISDN, the data channel is generally a 64 kbit/s channel. The circuit is used for the tran sfer of the encoded speech or other data. ISUP is speci? ed in ITU-T Q. 763 [137]. When it comes to call establishment, GSM makes a distinction between signalling and payload. Signalling refers to the exchange of information for call set up; payload refers to the data that is transferred within a call, i. e. voice, video, fax etc.For a mobile terminated GSM call, the signalling consists of exchange of MAP messages between GMSC, HLR and visited MSC (VMSC). The payload is transferred by the ISUP connection between GMSC and VMSC. It is a continual aim to optimize the payload transfer through the network, as payload transfer has a direct cost aspect associated with it. Some network services are designed to optimize the payload transfer. One example is optimal routing. 1. 2 GSM Mobility Roaming with GSM is made possible through the separation of switching capability and subscription data.A GSM subscriber has her subscription data, including CAMEL data, permanently registered in the HLR i n her HPLMN. The GSM operator is responsible for provisioning this data in the HLR. The MSC and GMSC in a PLMN, on the other hand, are not speci? c for one subscriber group. The switching capability of the MSC in a PLMN may be used by that PLMN’s own subscribers, but also by inbound roaming subscribers; see Figure 1. 2. In Figure 1. 2, the GSM user who is a subscriber of PLMN-A roams to PLMN-B. The HLR in PLMN-A transfers the user’s subscription data to the MSC in PLMN-B.The subscriber’s subscription data remains in the MSC/VLR as long as she is served by a BSS that is connected to that MSC. Even when the user switches her MS off and then on again, the subscription data remains in the MSC. After an extended period of the MS being switched off, the subscription data will be purged from the MSC. When the subscriber switches her MS on again, the subscriber has to re-register with the MSC, which entails the MSC asking the HLR in the HPLMN to re-send the subscription data for that subscriber. 4 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS NetworkTransfer of subscription data to MSC/VLR HLR PLMN-A MSC MS Subscriber roams to other PLMN PLMN-B MSC Figure 1. 2 Transfer of GSM subscription data for a roaming subscriber When the subscriber moves from one MSC service area (MSC-1) to another MSC service area (MSC-2), the HLR will instruct MSC-1 to purge the subscription data of this subscriber and will send the subscription data to MSC-2. 1. 3 Mobile Station The MS, i. e. the GSM handset, is logically built up from the following components: †¢ mobile equipment (ME) – this is the GSM terminal, excluding the SIM card; †¢ subscriber identi? ation module (SIM) – this is the chip embedded in the SIM card that identi? es a subscriber of a GSM network; the SIM is embedded in the SIM card. When the SIM card is inserted in the ME, the subscriber may register with a GSM network. The ME is now effectively personalized for this GS M subscriber; see Figure 1. 3. The characteristics of the SIM are speci? ed in GSM TS 11. 11. The SIM card contains information such as IMSI, advice of charge parameters, operator-speci? c emergency number, etc. For the UMTS network an enhanced SIM is speci? ed, the universal subscriber identity module (USIM); refer 3GPP TS 31. 02. 1. 4 Identi? ers in the GSM Network GSM uses several identi? ers for the routing of calls, identifying subscribers (e. g. for charging), locating the HLR, identifying equipment, etc. Some of these identi? ers play an important role for CAMEL. 1. 4. 1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is embedded on the SIM card and is used to identify a subscriber. The IMSI is also contained in the subscription data in the HLR. The IMSI is used for identifying a subscriber for various processes in the GSM network. Some of these are: KPN SIM + ME = MSFigure 1. 3 Components of the mobile station Introduction to GSM Networks 5 3 digits MCC Maximum 15 digits 2 or 3 digits MNC MSIN Figure 1. 4 Structure of the IMSI †¢ location update – when attaching to a network, the MS reports the IMSI to the MSC, which uses the IMSI to derive the global title (GT) of the HLR associated with the subscriber; †¢ terminating call – when the GSM network handles a call to a GSM subscriber, the HLR uses the IMSI to identify the subscriber in the MSC/VLR, to start a process for delivering the call to that subscriber in that MSC/VLR. †¢ roaming charging – a VPLMN uses the IMSI o send billing records to the HPLMN of a subscriber. Figure 1. 4 shows the format of the IMSI. †¢ mobile country code (MCC) – the MCC identi? es the country for mobile networks. The MCC is not used for call establishment. The usage of MCC is de? ned in ITU-T E. 212 [129]. The MCC values are allocated and published by the ITU-T. †¢ mobile network code (MNC) – the MNC identi? es the mobile network within a mobile country (as identi? ed by MCC). MCC and MNC together identify a PLMN. Refer to ITU-T E. 212 [129] for MNC usage. The MNC may be two or three digits in length. Common practice is that, within a country (as identi? d by MCC), all MNCs are either two or three digits. †¢ mobile subscriber identi? cation number (MSIN) – the MSIN is the subscriber identi? er within a PLMN. The IMSI is reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation. The IMSI may be needed, for example, when identifying a country; countries in North America have equal country code (country code = 1), but different MCC (e. g. Canada = 303; Mexico = 334). 1. 4. 2 Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number) The MSISDN is used to identify the subscriber when, among other things, establishing a call to that subscriber or sending an SMS to that subscriber.Hence, the MSISDN is used for routing purposes. Figure 1. 5 shows the structure of the MSISDN. †¢ co untry code (CC) – the CC identi? es the country or group of countries of the subscriber; †¢ national destination code (NDC) – each PLMN in a country has one or more NDCs allocated to it; the NDC may be used to route a call to the appropriate network; †¢ subscriber number (SN) – the SN identi? es the subscriber within the number plan of a PLMN. CC NDC SN 1, 2 or 3 digits Maximum 15 digits Figure 1. 5 Structure of the MSISDN 6 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network IMEITAC 6 digits FAC 2 digits FAC 2 digits SNR 6 digits SNR 6 digits spare 1 digit IMEISV TAC 6 digits SV 2 digits Figure 1. 6 Structure of IMEI and IMEISV The MSISDN is not stored on the subscriber’s SIM card and is normally not available in the MS. 2 The MSISDN is provisioned in the HLR, as part of the subscriber’s pro? le, and is sent to MSC during registration. The MSISDN is also reported to SCP when a CAMEL service is invoked. One subscriber may have multiple MSISDNs. These MSISDNs are provisioned in the HLR. At any one moment, only a single MSISDN is available in the MSC/VLR for the subscriber. . 4. 3 International Mobile Equipment Identi? er The international mobile equipment identi? er (IMEI) is used to identify the ME [or user equipment (UE) in UMTS network]. Each ME has a unique IMEI. The IMEI is hard-coded in the ME and cannot be modi? ed. Figure 1. 6 shows the structure of the IMEI. The IMEI is not used for routing or subscriber identi? cation. Refer to GSM TS 03. 03 [27] for the type approval code (TAC), ? nal assembly code (FAC) and serial number (SNR). The software version (SV) may be included in the IMEI (‘IMEISV’) to indicate the version of software embedded in the ME.The IMEI is always encoded as an eight-octet string. As from CAMEL Phase 4, the IMEI(SV) may be reported to the SCP. 1. 4. 4 Mobile Station Roaming Number The mobile station roaming number (MSRN) is used in the GSM network for routing a cal l to a MS. The need for the MSRN stems from the fact that the MSISDN identi? es a subscriber, but not the current location of that subscriber in a telecommunications network. The MSRN is allocated to a subscriber during MT call handling and is released when the call to that subscriber is established. Each MSC in a PLMN has a (limited) range of MSRNs allocated to it.An MSRN may be allocated to any subscriber registered in that MSC. The MSRN has the form of an E. 164 number and can be used by the GMSC for establishing a call to a GSM subscriber. An MSRN is part of a GSM operator’s number plan. The MSRN indicates the GSM network a subscriber is registered in, but not the GSM network the subscriber belongs to. Figure 1. 7 shows how the MSRN is used for call routing. The MSRN is not meant for call initiation. GSM operators may con? gure their MSC such that subscribers cannot dial numbers that fall within the MSRN range of that operator. 1. 5 Basic ServicesAll activities that may b e done in the GSM network, such as establishing a voice call, establishing a data call, sending a short message, etc. , are classi? ed as basic services. In order for a subscriber to use a GSM basic service, she must have a subscription to that service. 3 The handling of a basic 2 GSM subscribers may program their MSISDN into the phone; this has, however, no signi? cance for the network. 3 Exceptions are Tele Service 12 (emergency call establishment) and Tele Service 23 (Cell Broadcast). Subscribers do not need a subscription to these Tele Services to use them.Introduction to GSM Networks 7 return MSRN request MSRN HLR VMSC MSRN GMSC incoming call MSISDN Figure 1. 7 Usage of MSRN during call establishment to a GSM subscriber service is fully standardized. Hence, a subscriber may use a basic service in any GSM network she roams to, provided that that basic service is supported in that network. The HLR will send a list of subscribed basic services to the MSC/VLR, during registration. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the MS supplies the serving MSC with a set of parameters describing the circuitswitched connection that is requested.These parameters are the bearer capability (BC), low-layer compatibility (LLC) and high-layer compatibility (HLC), as will be described below. The MSC uses the BC, LLC and HLC to derive the basic service for this call. The rules for deriving the basic service from LLC, HLC and BC are speci? ed in GSM TS 09. 07 [55]. The MSC then checks whether the subscriber has a subscription to the requested basic service, i. e. whether the subscription data in the VLR contains that basic service. If the service is not subscribed to, then the MSC disallows the call. The basic service is not transported over ISUP.When a CAMEL service is invoked, the MSC reports the requested basic service to the SCP. The SCP may use the indication of the requested basic service for call service processing. Examples include: †¢ video calls may be charged at a higher rate than speech calls; †¢ for data calls and fax calls, the CAMEL service shall not play any announcements or tones. Basic services are divided into two groups: tele services and bearer services. 1. 5. 1 Tele Services Table 1. 1 provides an overview of the available tele services (TS); see also GSM TS 02. 03 [3]. 1. 5. 2 Bearer Services Table 1. provides an overview of the available bearer services (BS). The two bearer service groups are sub-divided into a variety of bearer services with different characteristics. Refer to GSM TS 02. 02 [2]. 1. 5. 3 Circuit Bearer Description Bearer capability, low-layer compatibility and high-layer compatibility are descriptors of a circuitswitched (CS) connection. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the BC, LLC and HLC are transported from MS to MSC over DTAP. The MSC includes the parameters in the ISUP signal to the destination. These parameters are also reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation.That enables a CAMEL service to adapt the service logic processing to the type of call. Figure 1. 8 shows the relation between LLC, HLC and BC on the DTAP and the corresponding parameters on ISUP. 8 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network Table 1. 1 Tele service 11 12 Tele services Description Telephony Emergency calls Comment This TS represents the normal speech call The emergency call uses the characteristics of telephony (TS11), but may be established without subscription and bypasses various checks in the MS and in the MSC This TS relates to receiving an SMS.This TS is not sent to the MSC/VLR. When an SMS is sent to the subscriber, the HLR checks whether the destination subscriber has a subscription to TS 21 This TS relates to the sending of an SMS This TS relates to the capability of an SMS that is sent as a broadcast SMS This TS relates to the capability to establish a speech and fax (group 3) call This TS relates to the capability to establish a fax (group 3) call This TS r elates to the capability to participate in a group call as speci? ed in GSM TS 03. 8 [35] This TS relates to the capability to receive a voice broadcast as speci? ed in GSM TS 03. 68 [35] 21 Short message MT 22 23 61 62 91 92 Short message MO Cell broadcast Alternate speech and fax group 3 Automatic fax group 3 Voice group call Voice broadcast Table 1. 2 Tele service 20 30 Bearer services Description Asynchronous data bearer services Synchronous data bearer services Comment May be used for asynchronous services from 300 bit/s to 64 kbit/s. May be used for synchronous services from 1. 2 to 64 kbit/s.This BS may be used, amongst other things, for multimedia services such as video telephony. 4 DTAP (GSM TS 04. 08) Low layer compatibility High layer compatibility Bearer capability MSC ISUP (ITU-T Q. 763) Access transport [low layer compatibility] User teleservice information User service information Figure 1. 8 Transfer of LLC, HLC and BC through DTAP and ISUP †¢ Low-layer compatib ility – the LLC is transported transparently between the calling entity and called entity; it may be used by the respective entities to adapt codecs for interworking purposes.LLC describes mainly characteristics related to the data transfer. 4 3GPP Rel-7 may include a dedicated bearer service for video telephony. Introduction to GSM Networks 9 †¢ High-layer compatibility – the HLC is also transported transparently between the calling entity and called entity; it is used to describe the requested service, such as telephony, Fax, video telephony, etc. †¢ Bearer capability – the BC describes the characteristics of the 64 kbit/s circuit requested for the call. 1. 6 Supplementary ServicesSupplementary services (SS) in GSM are a means of enriching the user experience. An SS may, for example, forward a call in the case of no reply from the called party, bar certain outgoing or incoming calls, show the number of the calling party to the called party, etc. In o rder to use an SS, a GSM user needs a subscription to that SS. The subscription to supplementary services is contained in the HLR and is sent to the MSC/VLR during registration. The supplementary services are fully standardized.A GSM subscriber can therefore use her supplementary services in any GSM network, provided that the network supports these supplementary services, and have the same user experience. Table 1. 3 SS group Line identi? cation GSM supplementary services Supplementary services Calling line identi? cation presentation (CLIP) Calling line identi? cation restriction (CLIR) Connected line presentation (COLP) Connected line restriction (COLR) Calling name presentation (CNAP) Call forwarding – unconditional (CFU) Call forwarding – busy (CFB) Call forwarding – no reply (CFNRY) Call forwarding – not reachable (CFNRC) Call de? ction (CD) Explicit call transfer (ECT) Call waiting (CW) Call hold (CH) Call completion to busy subscriber (CCBS) Multi- call (MC) Multi-party call (MPTY) Closed user group (CUG) Advice of charge – information (AOCI)Advice of charge – charge (AOCC) User-to-user signalling – service 1 (UUS1) User-to-user signalling – service 2 (UUS2) User-to-user signalling – service 3 (UUS3) Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC) Barring of outgoing international calls (BOIC) Barring of outgoing international calls except to the home country (BOIC-exHc) Barring of all ncoming calls (BAIC) Barring of all incoming calls when roaming (BICROAM) enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption (eMLPP) GSM TS 02. 81 [13] Name identi? cation Call forwarding 02. 96 [24] 02. 82 [14], Call offering Call completion 02. 72 [11] 02. 91 [22] 02. 83 [15], 02. 93 [23], 22. 135 [69]a 02. 84 [16] 02. 85 [17] 02. 86 [18] 02. 87 [19] Multi-party Community of interest Charging Additional information transfer Call barring 02. 88 [20] Call priority 2. 67 [10] a For the multi-call service, there is no GSM TS a vailable, but only a 3GPP TS (22. 135). 10 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network Supplementary services may be provisioned for an individual basic service or for a group of basic services, e. g. a subscriber may have barring of all outgoing calls for all tele services and all bearer services, except SMS (tele service group 20). Such a subscriber is barred from establishing utgoing calls (except emergency calls), but may still send short messages.Some supplementary services may be activated or deactivated by the user. Examples include call forwarding and call barring. An operator may decide to bar certain subscribers or subscriber groups from modifying their supplementary services. Table 1. 3 shows the Supplementary Services. They are combined in service groups. Subscriptions are per individual Supplementary Service. The right-most column indicates the GSM technical speci? ations (TS) that specify the service requirement for the respective Supplementary Servi ce(s). The chapters on CAMEL Phases 1–4 describe the interaction between CAMEL and the various supplementary services. Not all GSM networks support all supplementary services. Many of the supplementary services in GSM have equivalent supplementary services in ISDN. The ISDN supplementary services are described in ITU-T recommendations. GSM TS 02. 03 [3] describes how the supplementary services may be activated, deactivated and invoked.

Egypt Unfinished Business

Egypt Unfinished Business Following a successive revolution in Tunisia where protesters forced the then president Ben Ali out of position, it seemed as what people called an Arab revolution. However, in perhaps the most unexpected development in the modern Egypt history, the Egyptians also decided to follow the road used by Tunisia to end the 29 years dictatorship of President Hosni Mubarak.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt Unfinished Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On 25th January 2011, young protestors came to the streets in the wake to push Mubarak to announce his intention not to participate in the coming election and these protestors used the social media to organize a great number of people that culminated to the ever-larger nationwide protests (Sharp 2). On 28 January, thousands of protestors throughout the country were on the streets in what they called peaceful demonstrations where approximatly100, 000 protestors turne d up in Cairo alone (Sharp 2). After a few days, the government learnt the role of the media and internet during the protests and the magnitude of the protestors’ growth; they put limits all media including internet (Sharp 2). The government arrested Gael Ghonim, a young Google executive who created a Face book group Khaled, the main protestors’ social networking site (Sharp 10). The protests further continued until the resignation of Mubarak on February 11. However, the status in Egypt even after the resignation of Mubarak is not at rest. In the past few weeks there has been instability in Egypt as the citizens are not contempt with the army’s rule and the preparations for 28th November elections. In this paper, the focus is on the view and the role of the tactical media and the media activists in these protests. What do you think about tactical media and media activism in relation to Egypt protests? Rita Raley (1) describes tactical media as â€Å"interventio nal media art practices that engage and critique the dominant political and economic order.† The practitioners of this media engage in well crafted politics of disruption, intervention, and education. The tactical media practitioners use media away from the mainstream media. They spread information that is not in the mainstream news commonly referred as media activism (Rita 5). In addition, media activism involves the use of media and communication technology for social movement as well as the attempt to change media and communication policies (Rita 6).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tactical media and media activism featured highly during the Egypt protests. During the protest, it is evident through the attempts of the government to stem the media coverage of the protest. The recent protest is characterised by use of media activisms, which comes out throu gh the issues that caused the protests. As mentioned earlier the practitioners use political disruption. In this case, the protests are on the proposed principles of constitution, and the worry that the military would be shaped as a state within a state. In the January’s protests, the government blocked the internet access, traffic as well as SMS but this did very little. The protestors used mobile phones, social networks such as Face book, twitter and You tube to pas information, videos, images, and stories. They also used other web, third party apps, proxy websites, software, and VPN where this tactical media passed information that had little truth in Egypt and to rest of the world. Dotson A, 2011 in strategic social media J412 at the University of Oregon asserts that even long before the newscast reported of the protest in Egypt, people in New York new about it through social media and therefore social media played a great role during this protests. What Are The Roles Pla yed By Tactical Media And Media Activism In Egypt During Protests? The tactical media and media activism played a great role during the Egypt’s protests. First, the initial start of the protests started through the social media. People sent incitement information through the social media against the Mubarak’s rule and his failure to declare his stand not to participate in the next elections. Further, after the eruption of the protests the number grew larger due to communications through the social media. The protestors used mobile phones, Face book; You tube and twitter to pass information and this aggravated the situation in Cairo as well as in Egypt. This media was used to pass information from the ground that was more exaggerated in order to catch the attention of the World and therefore played a role in seeking sympathizers from other parts of the world. The media passed pictures and video of the inhuman acts by the riot police to the protestors, which called for t he nations like USA to intervene. The intervention of other nations to the situation in Egypt even made things worse as this media encouraged the protestors of the worldwide support. In addition, the use of social media gave the protestors the confidence to continue as it made them aware that they were not alone in this fight. They therefore, believed even if they suffer, they would not suffer alone. Thus, the media acted as a tool of encouragement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt Unfinished Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Media and communication technology is of great importance to the world because it keeps the world in touch of the happenings as well as enlightening the people. Further, it used to unite the people for a common goal such as the fight against drug abuse, environmental conservation and HIV/AIDs control. However, it is dangerous if used for the long purpose as it causes a s table country to be ruined as for the case of Egypt. Rita , Raley. Tactical Media. New York. University of Minnesota. 2009. Print. Sharp, Jeremy. Egpyt: The January 25 Revolution and Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy, Washington DC, USA. Congressional Research Service. 2011. Print