Man For All Seasons By Bolt Essays - Virtue, Anti-Protestantism

Man For All Seasons By Bolt A few of the many qualities of friendship include unconditional loyalty, honesty, trust, and respect. In the play A Man For All Seasons, by Robert Bolt, Sir Thomas More demonstrates all of these qualities that display friendship, and the basis of a good, honest man. Richard Rich, on the other hand, contributes very contrasting views and displays little to no qualities of friendship or loyalty at all. Sir Thomas More may be considered a true friend and good, honest man due the fact that he uses qualities of loyalty, honesty, trust, and generosity with whomever he is dealing with throughout his daily life. He clearly demonstrates his loyalty to both God and the King, Henry VIII, simultaneously without infrinding on boundries between them. The whole play shows More's loyalty to God, ultimately he died for his beliefs because they were not accepted. His loyalty to God is shown by his decision to remain Catholic and true(in his mind) to his God, though his King was creating a radical new Anglican religion. He disagreed with the King's decision to go against the Catholic church, but kept his opinions silent except towards his ruler out of respect and loyalty. His loyalty to the King is also evident when he uses his judgment and chooses not to open the letter he received from Chapuys, for fear that his devotion to the King would be brought into question, "...This is a letter from King Charles; I want you to see it's not been opened. I have declined it. You see the seal has not been broken?..."(Page 64) More's trust in the King is evident because he is confident that the King will not pressure him into making any judgment he is not comfortable with, "...Your conscience is your own affair; but you are my Chancellor! There, you have my word-I'll leave you out of it. But I don't take it kindly, Thomas, and I'll have no opposition!...Lie low if you will, but I'll brook no opposition- no words, no signs, no letters, no pamphlets - mind that, Thomas - no writings against me!"(Page 31). More is a generous man, for instance giving Rich the silver goblet. More knew if he kept it, it could be used to incriminate him in the court of law. He could have sold it, but instead gave it away, out of kindness and generosity. More's giving attitude was also demonstrated when he offers Rich the teaching position. Richard Rich is everything that More is not. He is mercenary and defines himself by position and possession rather than in his morals and values. Rich cares little for friendship and loyalty, and cares only for personal gain and profit. He is mercenary because everything he does involves some result that will promote him. He is always putting his needs and wants before the needs of others. More offered Rich an honorable and respectable job as a teacher, but Rich refused it because he believed it was meaningless and unimportand, and there was no chance at making substantial amounts of money with it. It would not improve his social status as much as he desired. Rich was using More to gain position, he feigns loyalty and friendship towards More for personal gain."...A friend of Sir Thomas and still no office?"(Page 3). Rich will not admit to being More's friend, even when More is on death row. He does not acknowledge or want to think that More helped him out at all, he turns his back on him and lets him dies, "He isn't really my friend..."(Page 21). He does not acknowledge or want to think that More helped him out at all. Rich defines himself solely on material items than the things that should be important to him, such as friendship, love, family, belief, and morals. He will do anything to give himself a name. He betrayed his friendship with More to prosecute him by lying on the stand. This gave him the popularity he desired, and knew if More went down, he could gain position, therefore his loyalty to More was never prevalent. By Rich prosecuting against More and lying on the stand, he was appointed the Attorney-General for Wales, More was astonished that anyone could lie and only be appointed the Attorny-General of Wales, "For Wales? Why, Richard, its profits a man nothing to give his soul for the whole world...But for Wales-!"(Page 95).

5 Ways to Combine Sentences

5 Ways to Combine Sentences 5 Ways to Combine Sentences 5 Ways to Combine Sentences By Mark Nichol Writers and editors should be alert to opportunities to improve the flow of content by combining consecutive truncated sentences that refer to a single topic. Here are five approaches to folding one one sentence into a preceding related statement. 1. A gray Cadillac hearse pulled into the ranch Saturday afternoon and left about 5 p.m. The hearse came from the Alpine Memorial Funeral Home. Often, as here, additional information about something introduced in one sentence is relegated to a subsequent sentence when it could easily be integrated as a modifying phrase into the first sentence: â€Å"A gray Cadillac hearse from the Alpine Memorial Funeral Home pulled into the ranch Saturday afternoon and left about 5 p.m.† 2. Bennett told a reporter, â€Å"I have a feeling of being used.† Bennett had helped instill stability in the burgeoning franchise and felt blindsided by the move. Here, additional information is inserted parenthetically: â€Å"Bennett, who had helped instill stability in the burgeoning franchise and felt blindsided by the move, told a reporter, ‘I have a feeling of being used.’† 3. An NFL hat trick has been done only seven times in the history of the league. To achieve this feat, a player must pass, run, and catch a touchdown in the same game. Here’s another example of two sentences that can be combined with a parenthetical insertion, with a more substantial revision of the second sentence’s beginning phrase to integrate smoothly into the main clause: â€Å"An NFL hat trick, in which a player passes, runs, and catches a touchdown in the same game, has been done only seven times in the history of the league.† 4. Atlanta’s quest to become a perennial power was stunted yet again in 1982, this time due to a 57-day-long players’ strike. The strike caused the regular season to be cut to just nine games. Another option is to tack the additional information onto the end of the sentence as a modifying phrase: â€Å"Atlanta’s quest to become a perennial power was stunted yet again in 1982, this time due to a 57-day-long players’ strike that caused the regular season to be cut to just nine games.† 5. It is this solid foundation that prepares the firm for a transformation into agile risk management. Agile risk management focuses on how risk management building blocks can be embedded and designed within business processes. In this sentence, as in the previous one, a term introduced at the end of a sentence is clumsily repeated immediately as the first part of the next sentence. To avoid awkward repetition, convert the second sentence into a subordinate clause of the first sentence by replacing the period after the first sentence with a comma and inserting which in place of the repeated word or phrase: â€Å"It is this solid foundation that prepares the firm for a transformation into agile risk management, which focuses on how risk management building blocks can be embedded and designed within business processes.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastDeck the Halls20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Visual Representations of Organization Theory Essay

Visual Representations of Organization Theory - Essay Example As quoted by Morgan, ‘communications theorist Marshall McLuhan noted that the last thing a fish is likely to discover is the water it is swimming in. The water is so fundamental to the fish’s way of life that it is not seen or questioned.’ (2006). Through this Morgan directs our attention to the concept of trap of favored ways of thinking. The fundamental role played by water to the fish analogues many mechanisms, ideologies, concepts upon which organizations are formed. Just the way, water is the world for a fish, and a fish cannot live out of water, so do organizations behave very often. Organizations tend to adopt certain culture, mechanisms, tools and practices which eventually become the fundamentals of the organization and its goals. These features reflect in the motivational aspects of the organization too which forces the employees to work in that direction ‘only,’ thus blocking creativity and other hidden business potential. In this course, o rganizations tend to adopt a kind of language, called as the organizational language which becomes the key factor of organizational growth as communication is vital for any organization’s success. Morgan relates this situation to the psychic-prison metaphor relating it to the trap of favored ways of thinking, and provides guidance to unleash hidden power and creativity. The trap of favored ways of thinking leads to closure of other avenues and opportunities, eventually leading to the situation of work becoming more of a norm or ritual and loss of innovation and creativity. In the process of favored ways of thinking, we tend to see only those things are familiar to us, and tend to ignore the rest. Though existence of creativity may not be the determining factor of any business, it can eventually turn so and, thus, lack of creativity has to be noticed. When the suppression of logic of what is significant is imposed by organizational control, this

The relationship between atherosclerosis and stress Essay

The relationship between atherosclerosis and stress - Essay Example This fatty build-up would later thicken and then harden or form calcium deposits in the arteries, consequently blocking the arteries. Because of the build-up, the hardened deposits may block the flow of blood along the arteries (Dugdale, 2009). In instances when the coronary artery becomes narrowed by plaque deposits, then blood flow to the heart itself can either slow down or be stopped. The patient can experience chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms when this happens (Dugdale, 2009). These fatty deposits may also break off (as embolus) and flow with the blood in the arteries and veins; they may eventually get lodged in the smaller blood vessels causing heart attacks or strokes (Dugdale, 2009). The causes for atherosclerosis have not been fully determined; however there are traits and conditions which have been considered as risk factors for this disease. It is a condition which slowly and gradually develops over time and may be worsened by factors which induce plaque formation or blood coagulation. These factors may include the following factors or causes: inflammation or infection, hypertension, smoking, and elevated LDL and VLDL (DeBruyne, 2003, p. 603). Other factors like high-fat diet, obesity, high-sodium diet, cigarette smoking, family history, and lack of exercise may also cause atherosclerosis (McConnell, 2007, p. 278). Stress is also being considered as a possible cause of atherosclerosis; however, no firm support has been set forth for this theory as yet. Nevertheless, Circulation, the journal of the American Heart Association cites a study which correlates the â€Å"degree of carotid arterial atherosclerosis with exaggerated response to mental stress in men under the age of 55† (as cited by Diagnose Me, 2009). Their study further established that strong blood pressure responses to stressful situations were seen in those with more advanced atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries as compared to

Govt research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Govt research paper - Essay Example (United Nations 2011) The World Tourism Organisation, or UNWTO, serves as a tool where tourism policy matters can be discussed and also helps in developing tourism proficiency among the participating nations. UNWTO plays a vital role in decision-making for the development of tourism that is accessible among nations. Priority is given to developing countries. This organisation has already achieved a significant milestone in line with its aspirations. In 2010, arrivals of tourists around the world have increased to 7% and international tourism has reached export earnings of â‚ ¬693 billion. Furthermore, the level of economic recovery has been high due to fast growth of arrivals. During the first quarter of 2011, arrivals of tourists worldwide went up to 5%. The impacts of global financial and economic crises to tourism during 2008 to 2009 have been addressed and resolved by UNWTO. UNWTO monitors about 150 countries which provide monthly and quarterly reports on international tourist arrivals to UNWTO. In the last quarter of 2011, positive results were shown by 122 countries while only 27 of them submitted negative results. (UNWTO 2011) UNWTO did not really fail in its undertakings, though it is but normal for it to undergo certain challenges and have some room for improvements. In 2007, tourism had been linked to climate change since both international and domestic arrivals and trips had been contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Likewise, the tourism industry back then was likely to suffer from the effects of climate change. Eventually, changes in climate trends might have threatened tourism in those countries where climate greatly affect tourism like in Northern Europe, the Caribbean, and the Mediterranean. The biggest challenge here was for UNWTO to balance its solutions to the setbacks in tourism while striving to reduce emissions of

Overview of Strawman Theory

Overview of Strawman Theory Strawman theory traces its origins to the ancient Roman legal practice of capitis deminutio (decrease of head), a term used in Roman trials for the extinguishment of a persons former legal capacity. Capitis deminutio minima meant a person ceased to belong to a particular family, without loss of liberty or citizenship. Capitis deminutio media involved loss of citizenship and family, but not liberty. Capitis deminutio maxima involved loss of family, citizenship and liberty (e.g. being made a slave or a prisoner of war).[4] The term was later revived in the US by the tax protestor and sovereign citizen movements and combined with a misreading of the definition of person from Blacks law dictionary (an American law dictionary). Strawman theory takes the term capitis deminutio, misspells it (commonly as Capitis Diminutio) and claims that capitis diminutio maxima was represented by an individuals name being written entirely in capital letters (even though Latin only had capitals back then). This led to the idea that individuals had a separate legal personality now called a strawman, represented in capitals. (rationalwiki, 2015) Strawman theory holds that an individual has two personas. One of them is a physical, tangible human being, and the other as their legal person, personality or strawman, often referred to as a legal fiction. (The term legal fiction is used by woos as if it were synonymous with intangible, rather than using its correct meaning.) The main use of strawman theory is in escaping and denying debts, liabilities and legal responsibility. Tax protestors, commercial redemption and get out of debt free scams claim that ones debts and taxes are the responsibility of the strawman and not of the real person, freeing the real person from the need to pay them. Sovereign citizens movements and freemen on the land also extend this concept to law and legal responsibilities by claiming that it is only their strawman that is required to adhere to statutory laws such as paying taxes, having licences and obeying traffic laws. They also claim that all legal proceedings in courts are taken against your strawman rather than you as a person and that when one appears in court they appear not as themselves but as representing their strawman. The justification for this is their false notion that governments cannot force anybody to do anything against their will. They therefore create a strawman which being their own creation they are free to boss about at will. Woos believe that by separating oneself from their strawman or refusing to be identified as their strawman they can escape their various liabilities and responsibilities such as paying their debts or obeying laws they dont like. This is typically done by denying they are a person and the same thing as their strawman or by writing their name in various bizarre ways such as the following: John of the family Smith John of Smith John:Smith John (commonly known as) By doing this they are refusing to represent the strawman. In addition to capitals, the use of titles such as Mr and Mrs are claimed to indicate a reference to a persons strawman. Surnames are also typically referred to as part of the legal fiction and advocates will often insist that they dont have a surname but rather a family name. Some woos believe that the strawman is created by the government when a birth certificate is filed. Woos sometimes then try and present their birth certificate when their strawmans name is called for, such as in court. [edit] Debunking It should be noted that there is a legal principle known as Idem sonans (Latin for sounding the same) which states that similar sounding names are just as valid in referring to a person. The relevant UK precedent is R v Davis 1851. If two names spelt differently necessarily sound alike, the court may, as matter of law, pronounce them to be idem sonantia; but if they do not necessarily sound alike, the question whether they are idem sonantia is a question of fact for the jury. The strawman belief seems to stem from a misunderstanding of the concept of legal person-hood. In actual legal theory there is a difference between what is known as a natural person (which is a human being, i.e., not a legal fiction) and that of a corporate person (a legal fiction known as corporate personhood, which applies to business, charities, governments and any recognised organisation). Courts recognise human beings as persons, not as a legal fiction joined to a flesh and blood human being but as one and the same (though in the past not everyone was recognised as a person before the law). They have never recognised a right to distance oneself from ones person, or the ability to opt out of personhood. Where this defence has been tried in court, judges have rejected it. It is impossible to dodge the law by insisting that you are different from your person. If a court can establish your identity, regardless of your consent or cooperation, then it is free to engage in proceedings and sanctions against you. The use of block capitals to fill in forms is often used as evidence for the existence of strawmen. The idea is that the form is asking for your strawmans identity. In reality this is done for ease of reading by humans and computers alike; it is not evidence of some legal conspiracy. (rationalwiki, 2015) rationalwiki. (2015). Retrieved from rationalwiki.org: http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Strawman_theory

Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Maxine Hong - Kingstons China Men :: comparison compare contrast essays

In Maxine Hong - Kingston's China Men a teacher meets students who perceive Romeo and Juliet very differently than is commonly accepted. These students see it as a horror story rather than a tragic love story. What they witness in their real lives (war, death, murder, etc.) affects how they view everything they encounter. Although these students may have a "colored" view, everything that they see in Romeo and Juliet is actually there. They have not imagined anything. They have gone beyond the commonly accepted reading of the play, and have found what lies underneath the surface of all the romance and poetry. However, because they have not examined the romance and poetry in addition to seeing what lies beyond the commonly accepted reading, the story is disturbing to them. The students read Romeo and Juliet and do not see the love story that society would have them see. Instead they examine what lies beyond this. They see a story of secrecy, sex, murder, suicide, and disease. All of these things are found within the play, but are masked by poetry and romance. For example, these students see Romeo and Juliet as a story of "whispering, tiptoeing, making love, and (children) driven mad in the dark." To the "normal" reader this is romantic. It is viewed as a story about the most amazing kind of love imaginable - true love ending in tragedy. What happens around them certainly must affect how the students understand everything. In these students' real lives they are surrounded by war, torture, and death. Horror is a part of their every day lives, and so it becomes a part of them. It manifests itself in their thoughts and ideas. It has even affected their reading of Romeo and Juliet despite their teacher's efforts to show them the other side of the story. Another reason that this play is so disturbing to the students is that the characters in the play are approximately the same age as the students. Because of this, anything that the characters do has a greater meaning to the students. The characters are their peers. Because of the student's everyday experiences they miss the poetry in the play. They have ignored the motive, the tremendous force that drives the characters Romeo and Juliet to do the things found within the play. This force is love. It is the main reason for all actions in the play. Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Maxine Hong - Kingston's China Men :: comparison compare contrast essays In Maxine Hong - Kingston's China Men a teacher meets students who perceive Romeo and Juliet very differently than is commonly accepted. These students see it as a horror story rather than a tragic love story. What they witness in their real lives (war, death, murder, etc.) affects how they view everything they encounter. Although these students may have a "colored" view, everything that they see in Romeo and Juliet is actually there. They have not imagined anything. They have gone beyond the commonly accepted reading of the play, and have found what lies underneath the surface of all the romance and poetry. However, because they have not examined the romance and poetry in addition to seeing what lies beyond the commonly accepted reading, the story is disturbing to them. The students read Romeo and Juliet and do not see the love story that society would have them see. Instead they examine what lies beyond this. They see a story of secrecy, sex, murder, suicide, and disease. All of these things are found within the play, but are masked by poetry and romance. For example, these students see Romeo and Juliet as a story of "whispering, tiptoeing, making love, and (children) driven mad in the dark." To the "normal" reader this is romantic. It is viewed as a story about the most amazing kind of love imaginable - true love ending in tragedy. What happens around them certainly must affect how the students understand everything. In these students' real lives they are surrounded by war, torture, and death. Horror is a part of their every day lives, and so it becomes a part of them. It manifests itself in their thoughts and ideas. It has even affected their reading of Romeo and Juliet despite their teacher's efforts to show them the other side of the story. Another reason that this play is so disturbing to the students is that the characters in the play are approximately the same age as the students. Because of this, anything that the characters do has a greater meaning to the students. The characters are their peers. Because of the student's everyday experiences they miss the poetry in the play. They have ignored the motive, the tremendous force that drives the characters Romeo and Juliet to do the things found within the play. This force is love. It is the main reason for all actions in the play.

Cellular System Components

Introduction to GSM Networks Figure 1. 1 is a schematic overview of the main components in a GSM network. The various interface labels are the formal names given to these interfaces. More details about these interfaces are found in GSM TS 03. 02 [26]. The GSM network consists mainly of the following functional parts: †¢ MSC – the mobile service switching centre (MSC) is the core switching entity in the network. The MSC is connected to the radio access network (RAN); the RAN is formed by the BSCs and BTSs within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN).Users of the GSM network are registered with an MSC; all calls to and from the user are controlled by the MSC. A GSM network has one or more MSCs, geographically distributed. †¢ VLR – the visitor location register (VLR) contains subscriber data for subscribers registered in an MSC. Every MSC contains a VLR. Although MSC and VLR are individually addressable, they are always contained in one integrated node. †¢ G MSC – the gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switching entity that controls mobile terminating calls.When a call is established towards a GSM subscriber, a GMSC contacts the HLR of that subscriber, to obtain the address of the MSC where that subscriber is currently registered. That MSC address is used to route the call to that subscriber. †¢ HLR – the home location register (HLR) is the database that contains a subscription record for each subscriber of the network. A GSM subscriber is normally associated with one particular HLR. The HLR is responsible for the sending of subscription data to the VLR (during registration) or GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling). CN – the core network (CN) consists of, amongst other things, MSC(s), GMSC(s) and HLR(s). These entities are the main components for call handling and subscriber management. Other main entities in the CN are the equipment identi? cation register (EIR) and authentication centre (AUC). CAMEL has no in teraction with the EIR and AUC; hence EIR and AUC are not further discussed. †¢ BSS – the base station system (BSS) is composed of one or more base station controllers (BSC) and one or more base transceiver stations (BTS). The BTS contains one or more transceivers (TRX).The TRX is responsible for radio signal transmission and reception. BTS and BSC are connected through the Abis interface. The BSS is connected to the MSC through the A interface. †¢ MS – the mobile station (MS) is the GSM handset. The structure of the MS will be described in more detail in a next section. A GSM network is a public land mobile network (PLMN). Other types of PLMN are the time division multiple access (TDMA) network or code division multiple access (CDMA) network. GSM uses the following sub-division of the PLMN: CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network ? 006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Rogier Noldus 2 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network To HLR from other PLMN D HLR D C Core network To/from other network MSC ISUP E MSC A BSC Abis BTS Um Um A ISUP GMSC ISUP BSC Abis BTS Um Um Base station system Air interface MS MS MS MS Figure 1. 1 GSM network architecture †¢ Home PLMN (HPLMN) – the HPLMN is the GSM network that a GSM user is a subscriber of. That implies that GSM user’s subscription data resides in the HLR in that PLMN. The HLR may transfer the subscription data to a VLR (during registration in a PLMN) or a GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling).The HPLMN may also contain various service nodes, such as a short message service centre (SMSC), service control point (SCP), etc. †¢ Visited PLMN (VPLMN) – the VPLMN is the GSM network where a subscriber is currently registered. The subscriber may be registered in her HPLMN or in another PLMN. In the latter case, the subscriber is outbound roaming (from HPLMN’s perspective) and inbound roaming (from VPLMN’s perspective) . When the subscriber is currently registered in her HPLMN, then the HPLMN is at the same time VPLMN. 1 †¢ Interrogating PLMN (IPLMN) – the IPLMN is the PLMN containing the GMSC that handles mobile terminating (MT) calls.MT calls are always handled by a GMSC in the PLMN, regardless of the origin of the call. For most operators, MT call handling is done by a GMSC in the HPLMN; in that case, the HPLMN is at the same time IPLMN. This implies that calls destined for a GSM subscriber are always routed to the HPLMN of that GSM subscriber. Once the call has arrived in the HPLMN, the HPLMN acts as IPLMN. MT call handling will be described in more detail in subsequent sections. When basic optimal routing (BOR) is applied, the IPLMN is not the same PLMN as the HPLMN.The user of a GSM network is referred to as the served subscriber ; the MSC that is serving that subscriber is known as the serving MSC. Examples are: †¢ mobile originated call – the MSC that is handling th e call is the serving MSC for this call; the calling subscriber is the served subscriber; †¢ mobile terminated call – the GMSC that is handling the call is the serving GMSC for this call; the called subscriber is the served subscriber. 1 The CAMEL service requirement, GSM TS 02. 78 [12] uses this strict de? nition. The term VPLMN is, however, commonly used to denote any network other than the HPLMN.Introduction to GSM Networks 3 1. 1 Signalling in GSM The various entities in the GSM network are connected to one another through signalling networks. Signalling is used for example, for subscriber mobility, subscriber registration, call establishment, etc. The connections to the various entities are known as ‘reference points’. Examples include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A interface – the connection between MSC and BSC; Abis interface – the connection between BSC and BTS; D interface – the connection between MSC and HLR; Um interface à ¢â‚¬â€œ the radio connection between MS and BTS. Various signalling protocols are used over the reference points.Some of these protocols for GSM are the following: †¢ mobile application part (MAP) – MAP is used for call control, subscriber registration, short message service, etc. ; MAP is used over many of the GSM network interfaces; †¢ base station system application part (BSSAP) – BSSAP is used over the A interface; †¢ direct transfer application part (DTAP) – DTAP is used between MS and MSC; DTAP is carried over the Abis and the A interface. DTAP is speci? ed in GSM TS 04. 08 [49]; †¢ ISDN user part (ISUP) – ISUP is the protocol for establishing and releasing circuit switched calls.ISUP is also used in landline Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). A circuit is the data channel that is established between two users in the network. Within ISDN, the data channel is generally a 64 kbit/s channel. The circuit is used for the tran sfer of the encoded speech or other data. ISUP is speci? ed in ITU-T Q. 763 [137]. When it comes to call establishment, GSM makes a distinction between signalling and payload. Signalling refers to the exchange of information for call set up; payload refers to the data that is transferred within a call, i. e. voice, video, fax etc.For a mobile terminated GSM call, the signalling consists of exchange of MAP messages between GMSC, HLR and visited MSC (VMSC). The payload is transferred by the ISUP connection between GMSC and VMSC. It is a continual aim to optimize the payload transfer through the network, as payload transfer has a direct cost aspect associated with it. Some network services are designed to optimize the payload transfer. One example is optimal routing. 1. 2 GSM Mobility Roaming with GSM is made possible through the separation of switching capability and subscription data.A GSM subscriber has her subscription data, including CAMEL data, permanently registered in the HLR i n her HPLMN. The GSM operator is responsible for provisioning this data in the HLR. The MSC and GMSC in a PLMN, on the other hand, are not speci? c for one subscriber group. The switching capability of the MSC in a PLMN may be used by that PLMN’s own subscribers, but also by inbound roaming subscribers; see Figure 1. 2. In Figure 1. 2, the GSM user who is a subscriber of PLMN-A roams to PLMN-B. The HLR in PLMN-A transfers the user’s subscription data to the MSC in PLMN-B.The subscriber’s subscription data remains in the MSC/VLR as long as she is served by a BSS that is connected to that MSC. Even when the user switches her MS off and then on again, the subscription data remains in the MSC. After an extended period of the MS being switched off, the subscription data will be purged from the MSC. When the subscriber switches her MS on again, the subscriber has to re-register with the MSC, which entails the MSC asking the HLR in the HPLMN to re-send the subscription data for that subscriber. 4 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS NetworkTransfer of subscription data to MSC/VLR HLR PLMN-A MSC MS Subscriber roams to other PLMN PLMN-B MSC Figure 1. 2 Transfer of GSM subscription data for a roaming subscriber When the subscriber moves from one MSC service area (MSC-1) to another MSC service area (MSC-2), the HLR will instruct MSC-1 to purge the subscription data of this subscriber and will send the subscription data to MSC-2. 1. 3 Mobile Station The MS, i. e. the GSM handset, is logically built up from the following components: †¢ mobile equipment (ME) – this is the GSM terminal, excluding the SIM card; †¢ subscriber identi? ation module (SIM) – this is the chip embedded in the SIM card that identi? es a subscriber of a GSM network; the SIM is embedded in the SIM card. When the SIM card is inserted in the ME, the subscriber may register with a GSM network. The ME is now effectively personalized for this GS M subscriber; see Figure 1. 3. The characteristics of the SIM are speci? ed in GSM TS 11. 11. The SIM card contains information such as IMSI, advice of charge parameters, operator-speci? c emergency number, etc. For the UMTS network an enhanced SIM is speci? ed, the universal subscriber identity module (USIM); refer 3GPP TS 31. 02. 1. 4 Identi? ers in the GSM Network GSM uses several identi? ers for the routing of calls, identifying subscribers (e. g. for charging), locating the HLR, identifying equipment, etc. Some of these identi? ers play an important role for CAMEL. 1. 4. 1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is embedded on the SIM card and is used to identify a subscriber. The IMSI is also contained in the subscription data in the HLR. The IMSI is used for identifying a subscriber for various processes in the GSM network. Some of these are: KPN SIM + ME = MSFigure 1. 3 Components of the mobile station Introduction to GSM Networks 5 3 digits MCC Maximum 15 digits 2 or 3 digits MNC MSIN Figure 1. 4 Structure of the IMSI †¢ location update – when attaching to a network, the MS reports the IMSI to the MSC, which uses the IMSI to derive the global title (GT) of the HLR associated with the subscriber; †¢ terminating call – when the GSM network handles a call to a GSM subscriber, the HLR uses the IMSI to identify the subscriber in the MSC/VLR, to start a process for delivering the call to that subscriber in that MSC/VLR. †¢ roaming charging – a VPLMN uses the IMSI o send billing records to the HPLMN of a subscriber. Figure 1. 4 shows the format of the IMSI. †¢ mobile country code (MCC) – the MCC identi? es the country for mobile networks. The MCC is not used for call establishment. The usage of MCC is de? ned in ITU-T E. 212 [129]. The MCC values are allocated and published by the ITU-T. †¢ mobile network code (MNC) – the MNC identi? es the mobile network within a mobile country (as identi? ed by MCC). MCC and MNC together identify a PLMN. Refer to ITU-T E. 212 [129] for MNC usage. The MNC may be two or three digits in length. Common practice is that, within a country (as identi? d by MCC), all MNCs are either two or three digits. †¢ mobile subscriber identi? cation number (MSIN) – the MSIN is the subscriber identi? er within a PLMN. The IMSI is reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation. The IMSI may be needed, for example, when identifying a country; countries in North America have equal country code (country code = 1), but different MCC (e. g. Canada = 303; Mexico = 334). 1. 4. 2 Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number) The MSISDN is used to identify the subscriber when, among other things, establishing a call to that subscriber or sending an SMS to that subscriber.Hence, the MSISDN is used for routing purposes. Figure 1. 5 shows the structure of the MSISDN. †¢ co untry code (CC) – the CC identi? es the country or group of countries of the subscriber; †¢ national destination code (NDC) – each PLMN in a country has one or more NDCs allocated to it; the NDC may be used to route a call to the appropriate network; †¢ subscriber number (SN) – the SN identi? es the subscriber within the number plan of a PLMN. CC NDC SN 1, 2 or 3 digits Maximum 15 digits Figure 1. 5 Structure of the MSISDN 6 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network IMEITAC 6 digits FAC 2 digits FAC 2 digits SNR 6 digits SNR 6 digits spare 1 digit IMEISV TAC 6 digits SV 2 digits Figure 1. 6 Structure of IMEI and IMEISV The MSISDN is not stored on the subscriber’s SIM card and is normally not available in the MS. 2 The MSISDN is provisioned in the HLR, as part of the subscriber’s pro? le, and is sent to MSC during registration. The MSISDN is also reported to SCP when a CAMEL service is invoked. One subscriber may have multiple MSISDNs. These MSISDNs are provisioned in the HLR. At any one moment, only a single MSISDN is available in the MSC/VLR for the subscriber. . 4. 3 International Mobile Equipment Identi? er The international mobile equipment identi? er (IMEI) is used to identify the ME [or user equipment (UE) in UMTS network]. Each ME has a unique IMEI. The IMEI is hard-coded in the ME and cannot be modi? ed. Figure 1. 6 shows the structure of the IMEI. The IMEI is not used for routing or subscriber identi? cation. Refer to GSM TS 03. 03 [27] for the type approval code (TAC), ? nal assembly code (FAC) and serial number (SNR). The software version (SV) may be included in the IMEI (‘IMEISV’) to indicate the version of software embedded in the ME.The IMEI is always encoded as an eight-octet string. As from CAMEL Phase 4, the IMEI(SV) may be reported to the SCP. 1. 4. 4 Mobile Station Roaming Number The mobile station roaming number (MSRN) is used in the GSM network for routing a cal l to a MS. The need for the MSRN stems from the fact that the MSISDN identi? es a subscriber, but not the current location of that subscriber in a telecommunications network. The MSRN is allocated to a subscriber during MT call handling and is released when the call to that subscriber is established. Each MSC in a PLMN has a (limited) range of MSRNs allocated to it.An MSRN may be allocated to any subscriber registered in that MSC. The MSRN has the form of an E. 164 number and can be used by the GMSC for establishing a call to a GSM subscriber. An MSRN is part of a GSM operator’s number plan. The MSRN indicates the GSM network a subscriber is registered in, but not the GSM network the subscriber belongs to. Figure 1. 7 shows how the MSRN is used for call routing. The MSRN is not meant for call initiation. GSM operators may con? gure their MSC such that subscribers cannot dial numbers that fall within the MSRN range of that operator. 1. 5 Basic ServicesAll activities that may b e done in the GSM network, such as establishing a voice call, establishing a data call, sending a short message, etc. , are classi? ed as basic services. In order for a subscriber to use a GSM basic service, she must have a subscription to that service. 3 The handling of a basic 2 GSM subscribers may program their MSISDN into the phone; this has, however, no signi? cance for the network. 3 Exceptions are Tele Service 12 (emergency call establishment) and Tele Service 23 (Cell Broadcast). Subscribers do not need a subscription to these Tele Services to use them.Introduction to GSM Networks 7 return MSRN request MSRN HLR VMSC MSRN GMSC incoming call MSISDN Figure 1. 7 Usage of MSRN during call establishment to a GSM subscriber service is fully standardized. Hence, a subscriber may use a basic service in any GSM network she roams to, provided that that basic service is supported in that network. The HLR will send a list of subscribed basic services to the MSC/VLR, during registration. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the MS supplies the serving MSC with a set of parameters describing the circuitswitched connection that is requested.These parameters are the bearer capability (BC), low-layer compatibility (LLC) and high-layer compatibility (HLC), as will be described below. The MSC uses the BC, LLC and HLC to derive the basic service for this call. The rules for deriving the basic service from LLC, HLC and BC are speci? ed in GSM TS 09. 07 [55]. The MSC then checks whether the subscriber has a subscription to the requested basic service, i. e. whether the subscription data in the VLR contains that basic service. If the service is not subscribed to, then the MSC disallows the call. The basic service is not transported over ISUP.When a CAMEL service is invoked, the MSC reports the requested basic service to the SCP. The SCP may use the indication of the requested basic service for call service processing. Examples include: †¢ video calls may be charged at a higher rate than speech calls; †¢ for data calls and fax calls, the CAMEL service shall not play any announcements or tones. Basic services are divided into two groups: tele services and bearer services. 1. 5. 1 Tele Services Table 1. 1 provides an overview of the available tele services (TS); see also GSM TS 02. 03 [3]. 1. 5. 2 Bearer Services Table 1. provides an overview of the available bearer services (BS). The two bearer service groups are sub-divided into a variety of bearer services with different characteristics. Refer to GSM TS 02. 02 [2]. 1. 5. 3 Circuit Bearer Description Bearer capability, low-layer compatibility and high-layer compatibility are descriptors of a circuitswitched (CS) connection. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the BC, LLC and HLC are transported from MS to MSC over DTAP. The MSC includes the parameters in the ISUP signal to the destination. These parameters are also reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation.That enables a CAMEL service to adapt the service logic processing to the type of call. Figure 1. 8 shows the relation between LLC, HLC and BC on the DTAP and the corresponding parameters on ISUP. 8 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network Table 1. 1 Tele service 11 12 Tele services Description Telephony Emergency calls Comment This TS represents the normal speech call The emergency call uses the characteristics of telephony (TS11), but may be established without subscription and bypasses various checks in the MS and in the MSC This TS relates to receiving an SMS.This TS is not sent to the MSC/VLR. When an SMS is sent to the subscriber, the HLR checks whether the destination subscriber has a subscription to TS 21 This TS relates to the sending of an SMS This TS relates to the capability of an SMS that is sent as a broadcast SMS This TS relates to the capability to establish a speech and fax (group 3) call This TS relates to the capability to establish a fax (group 3) call This TS r elates to the capability to participate in a group call as speci? ed in GSM TS 03. 8 [35] This TS relates to the capability to receive a voice broadcast as speci? ed in GSM TS 03. 68 [35] 21 Short message MT 22 23 61 62 91 92 Short message MO Cell broadcast Alternate speech and fax group 3 Automatic fax group 3 Voice group call Voice broadcast Table 1. 2 Tele service 20 30 Bearer services Description Asynchronous data bearer services Synchronous data bearer services Comment May be used for asynchronous services from 300 bit/s to 64 kbit/s. May be used for synchronous services from 1. 2 to 64 kbit/s.This BS may be used, amongst other things, for multimedia services such as video telephony. 4 DTAP (GSM TS 04. 08) Low layer compatibility High layer compatibility Bearer capability MSC ISUP (ITU-T Q. 763) Access transport [low layer compatibility] User teleservice information User service information Figure 1. 8 Transfer of LLC, HLC and BC through DTAP and ISUP †¢ Low-layer compatib ility – the LLC is transported transparently between the calling entity and called entity; it may be used by the respective entities to adapt codecs for interworking purposes.LLC describes mainly characteristics related to the data transfer. 4 3GPP Rel-7 may include a dedicated bearer service for video telephony. Introduction to GSM Networks 9 †¢ High-layer compatibility – the HLC is also transported transparently between the calling entity and called entity; it is used to describe the requested service, such as telephony, Fax, video telephony, etc. †¢ Bearer capability – the BC describes the characteristics of the 64 kbit/s circuit requested for the call. 1. 6 Supplementary ServicesSupplementary services (SS) in GSM are a means of enriching the user experience. An SS may, for example, forward a call in the case of no reply from the called party, bar certain outgoing or incoming calls, show the number of the calling party to the called party, etc. In o rder to use an SS, a GSM user needs a subscription to that SS. The subscription to supplementary services is contained in the HLR and is sent to the MSC/VLR during registration. The supplementary services are fully standardized.A GSM subscriber can therefore use her supplementary services in any GSM network, provided that the network supports these supplementary services, and have the same user experience. Table 1. 3 SS group Line identi? cation GSM supplementary services Supplementary services Calling line identi? cation presentation (CLIP) Calling line identi? cation restriction (CLIR) Connected line presentation (COLP) Connected line restriction (COLR) Calling name presentation (CNAP) Call forwarding – unconditional (CFU) Call forwarding – busy (CFB) Call forwarding – no reply (CFNRY) Call forwarding – not reachable (CFNRC) Call de? ction (CD) Explicit call transfer (ECT) Call waiting (CW) Call hold (CH) Call completion to busy subscriber (CCBS) Multi- call (MC) Multi-party call (MPTY) Closed user group (CUG) Advice of charge – information (AOCI)Advice of charge – charge (AOCC) User-to-user signalling – service 1 (UUS1) User-to-user signalling – service 2 (UUS2) User-to-user signalling – service 3 (UUS3) Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC) Barring of outgoing international calls (BOIC) Barring of outgoing international calls except to the home country (BOIC-exHc) Barring of all ncoming calls (BAIC) Barring of all incoming calls when roaming (BICROAM) enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption (eMLPP) GSM TS 02. 81 [13] Name identi? cation Call forwarding 02. 96 [24] 02. 82 [14], Call offering Call completion 02. 72 [11] 02. 91 [22] 02. 83 [15], 02. 93 [23], 22. 135 [69]a 02. 84 [16] 02. 85 [17] 02. 86 [18] 02. 87 [19] Multi-party Community of interest Charging Additional information transfer Call barring 02. 88 [20] Call priority 2. 67 [10] a For the multi-call service, there is no GSM TS a vailable, but only a 3GPP TS (22. 135). 10 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network Supplementary services may be provisioned for an individual basic service or for a group of basic services, e. g. a subscriber may have barring of all outgoing calls for all tele services and all bearer services, except SMS (tele service group 20). Such a subscriber is barred from establishing utgoing calls (except emergency calls), but may still send short messages.Some supplementary services may be activated or deactivated by the user. Examples include call forwarding and call barring. An operator may decide to bar certain subscribers or subscriber groups from modifying their supplementary services. Table 1. 3 shows the Supplementary Services. They are combined in service groups. Subscriptions are per individual Supplementary Service. The right-most column indicates the GSM technical speci? ations (TS) that specify the service requirement for the respective Supplementary Servi ce(s). The chapters on CAMEL Phases 1–4 describe the interaction between CAMEL and the various supplementary services. Not all GSM networks support all supplementary services. Many of the supplementary services in GSM have equivalent supplementary services in ISDN. The ISDN supplementary services are described in ITU-T recommendations. GSM TS 02. 03 [3] describes how the supplementary services may be activated, deactivated and invoked.

Egypt Unfinished Business

Egypt Unfinished Business Following a successive revolution in Tunisia where protesters forced the then president Ben Ali out of position, it seemed as what people called an Arab revolution. However, in perhaps the most unexpected development in the modern Egypt history, the Egyptians also decided to follow the road used by Tunisia to end the 29 years dictatorship of President Hosni Mubarak.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt Unfinished Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On 25th January 2011, young protestors came to the streets in the wake to push Mubarak to announce his intention not to participate in the coming election and these protestors used the social media to organize a great number of people that culminated to the ever-larger nationwide protests (Sharp 2). On 28 January, thousands of protestors throughout the country were on the streets in what they called peaceful demonstrations where approximatly100, 000 protestors turne d up in Cairo alone (Sharp 2). After a few days, the government learnt the role of the media and internet during the protests and the magnitude of the protestors’ growth; they put limits all media including internet (Sharp 2). The government arrested Gael Ghonim, a young Google executive who created a Face book group Khaled, the main protestors’ social networking site (Sharp 10). The protests further continued until the resignation of Mubarak on February 11. However, the status in Egypt even after the resignation of Mubarak is not at rest. In the past few weeks there has been instability in Egypt as the citizens are not contempt with the army’s rule and the preparations for 28th November elections. In this paper, the focus is on the view and the role of the tactical media and the media activists in these protests. What do you think about tactical media and media activism in relation to Egypt protests? Rita Raley (1) describes tactical media as â€Å"interventio nal media art practices that engage and critique the dominant political and economic order.† The practitioners of this media engage in well crafted politics of disruption, intervention, and education. The tactical media practitioners use media away from the mainstream media. They spread information that is not in the mainstream news commonly referred as media activism (Rita 5). In addition, media activism involves the use of media and communication technology for social movement as well as the attempt to change media and communication policies (Rita 6).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tactical media and media activism featured highly during the Egypt protests. During the protest, it is evident through the attempts of the government to stem the media coverage of the protest. The recent protest is characterised by use of media activisms, which comes out throu gh the issues that caused the protests. As mentioned earlier the practitioners use political disruption. In this case, the protests are on the proposed principles of constitution, and the worry that the military would be shaped as a state within a state. In the January’s protests, the government blocked the internet access, traffic as well as SMS but this did very little. The protestors used mobile phones, social networks such as Face book, twitter and You tube to pas information, videos, images, and stories. They also used other web, third party apps, proxy websites, software, and VPN where this tactical media passed information that had little truth in Egypt and to rest of the world. Dotson A, 2011 in strategic social media J412 at the University of Oregon asserts that even long before the newscast reported of the protest in Egypt, people in New York new about it through social media and therefore social media played a great role during this protests. What Are The Roles Pla yed By Tactical Media And Media Activism In Egypt During Protests? The tactical media and media activism played a great role during the Egypt’s protests. First, the initial start of the protests started through the social media. People sent incitement information through the social media against the Mubarak’s rule and his failure to declare his stand not to participate in the next elections. Further, after the eruption of the protests the number grew larger due to communications through the social media. The protestors used mobile phones, Face book; You tube and twitter to pass information and this aggravated the situation in Cairo as well as in Egypt. This media was used to pass information from the ground that was more exaggerated in order to catch the attention of the World and therefore played a role in seeking sympathizers from other parts of the world. The media passed pictures and video of the inhuman acts by the riot police to the protestors, which called for t he nations like USA to intervene. The intervention of other nations to the situation in Egypt even made things worse as this media encouraged the protestors of the worldwide support. In addition, the use of social media gave the protestors the confidence to continue as it made them aware that they were not alone in this fight. They therefore, believed even if they suffer, they would not suffer alone. Thus, the media acted as a tool of encouragement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt Unfinished Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Media and communication technology is of great importance to the world because it keeps the world in touch of the happenings as well as enlightening the people. Further, it used to unite the people for a common goal such as the fight against drug abuse, environmental conservation and HIV/AIDs control. However, it is dangerous if used for the long purpose as it causes a s table country to be ruined as for the case of Egypt. Rita , Raley. Tactical Media. New York. University of Minnesota. 2009. Print. Sharp, Jeremy. Egpyt: The January 25 Revolution and Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy, Washington DC, USA. Congressional Research Service. 2011. Print

The World We Dont Live In essays

The World We Dont Live In essays Television is not real life. Its not even close. From Friends to Frasier, peoples lives do not resemble TV show plots by any means. Televisions number one goal is to portray what viewers would want their lives to be like. Dawsons Creek is no different. The world does not revolve around a small group of high school students, yet in this show it seems to. Dawson's Creek chronicles the wry humor the undeniably intense period of awakening known as teenage years. Set in the Boston suburb of Capeside, this series explores the blooming self-awareness and growing pains that go hand-in-hand with the triumphs of growing up. Dawsons Creeks fantasy lifestyle and unrealistic dialogue create a world where consumerism rules over conflicting relationships and the search for true love. Wisely intelligent and yet naively open, four teens are at the heart of this drama as they unknowingly embark on the road less traveled, going against the norm in the paths they choose. Together in this passage from adolescence to young adulthood, the series stars Dawson Leary, Joey Potter, Pacey Witter, and Jen Lindley. Dawson is a 17-year-old Steven Spielberg fanatic who is charmingly obsessive and passionate about his love of movies. Dawson's longtime best friend Joey is the tomboy and emerging beauty who lives a less functional home life down the creek. Paceys gift for sarcasm is topped only by an over-confident knack for stumbling awkwardly and unprepared into adult situations. Rounding out the inseparable foursome, Jen may appear to be "the girl next door," but she has an air of mystery surrounding her as she harbors a dark secret from her past. Together, they learn that growing up is never as easy as it seems in the movies. Blindly testing the waters towards young adulthoo d, these four astute teens shed their childlike innocence and endure the compromise of morality that accompanies so-called maturity. Explor...

Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team - Essay Example Moreover, acting more efficiently he is already proposing replacements. This is a very negative way of handling matters. Meanwhile, he is also talking to the other members quite persuasively and trying to make his point. As we explored earlier the entire idea itself is lurking within doubtful alleys, additional negative elements and feedbacks like John's will make it very hard for Don to take up the Change idea further and that too successfully. With reference to the scenario at Gene One, the review of the following theories and literature will help us draw a mark on the best suited style of leadership that would help Gene One accomplish success in the future. The leadership style, presented within Fiedler contingency model has implied that the efficient groups relying on a suitable match amid a leader's approach of intermingling with the subsidiaries in addition to the level to which the state of affairs provides management and authority to the leader. It was the proposition of Fiedler that had created the notion of the slightly favored associate questionnaire as a device to recognize the leadership style. Within Fiedler's assumption, he was able to extrapolate the fact that all the leadership styles are mostly enduring.

Black Poverty in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black Poverty in America - Essay Example However, there are hurdles that even collapse the foundation of charity in the name of racism and such is the case of black poverty in America. There is a rising need in the society of America to understand the gravity of the issue with black poverty. Unfortunately, America is a country where racism still persists from within and even if laws of equality are endorsed, it would be difficult for the Negroes to take complete benefit out of these laws.1 Black poverty is the cause of the declining rate of employment among the Negroes since they are given the worst and the lowest paid jobs available. It is considered a social shortcoming of Americans to consider a Negro an alien on their land, which they have never done with other races. Negroes are employed in the lowest wage jobs and thus they are considered poor. The problem does not end with this issue; because of rejection from highly paid jobs, their families go into slump. This happens because of the approach of the management which formulates the methodologies and criteria of employing individuals.2 It seems justified then, that the blacks end up being miserable and complacent in destructive acts which makes the majority of them end up in jail. Another reason of black poverty which calls for attention mostly through the channel of immigration is the growing rate of diseases detected in the immigrants coming from Sudan and Somalia. In the 1980s, almost 11,000 immigrants, both Sudanese and Somalis were infected with schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis combined, and the cure and settlement collectively cost them beyond their resources.3 Hence, it is recorded that there is a huge gap in the maintenance of poor people colored or otherwise. There is obviously a loophole in the issue of poverty in the USA. One might argue as to how the rate of poverty is high in America when it is considered a super power and projects itself as human right activist. The problem lies with the public conception of the nation as portr ayed by mass media and other ways of creating biases. It is claimed a well-known scholar of political science how media is responsible for arousing public misinterpretation regarding the issue of poverty. Newsmagazines and various means of communication convey a wrong message across people and eventually across the globe4. Upon a survey done regarding the poverty rates in America, the public responded by saying that majority of the poor people are colored. In contrast to this, Americans are of the opinion that America is a â€Å"land of opportunity† so everyone who struggles for it, gains the fruit of success5. It was concluded that majority of the American stereotype poverty with African Americas being the most deprived in all regards. Harrington, however, rightfully points out that despite all the calls for equality in the USA, there is always a clash of whites with blacks. A black is always marginalized for who he is and is always discriminated on the basis of his backgrou nd which labels him to be poor by class.6 He is looked down upon because of his color and background but the white majorities make huge claims against their will for the protection of colored people in their society. Upon being asked why no Negro is seen in a highly paid company, the white owners usually refuse to any prejudice against color. They rather blame the sub-ordinates who they claim would not be comfortable if blacks are also working in the same office or they put the blame on the higher officials for carving the policies as per